Rap Music and Youth free essay sample

Gangster rap artists have had many squabbling with the law as well as with patrons. This genre contains multitudinous amounts of Inappropriate themes such as murder, sexual disposition and robbery. Gangster rap music negatively Influences youth through suggesting provocative and violent images. Rap music continually affects Individuals throughout their whole life. Starting at school age. Where studies have associated lower grades with students who listen to rap (Copley) until adulthood. As a result gangster rap begins to affect future identity development.Many youth use rap music as a stress reliever to find someone that understands the struggles they face in daily life. They view rappers as heroes or mom type of luminary. When doing so youth try to find a common link between themselves and the artist who is relaying the music or whatever the song is depicting. Someone who experienced the same issue they are now partaking in and has now succeeded and made it big. We will write a custom essay sample on Rap Music and Youth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Music is well-known to connect with adolescents and to Influence Identity development perhaps more than any other entertainment medium (Tanner, Worldly and Seabirds).As a result they begin to illustrate and exemplify the things that are portrayed in the music they hear. Thereafter, turning impressionable youth into counterfeit gangsters. Many of the homes that are depicted In rap songs are deemed as negative and Inappropriate. Countless attempts have been made to limit or regulate what can be said In rap songs. Rap is the only music genre to have a musical recording of a song be declared as criminally obscene by a federal judge or have a musical of a song recording boycotted by the law enforcement .Equally Important, the way women are expounded and represented, continues to form violent and demeaning views against women. Considering that women were once glorified and respected,in music now women are depicted as ditches and whores who sere as the sexual object of men or I OFF vocalizes women as worthless and expendable items of trash. Some youth even try to transfer this glorified life of disrespecting women to their own lives. C. Brogan,G Hall, and C Nagoya found that college males who listened to misogynous Rap music were more likely to show assaulting or sexually violent film vignettes to female confederates. This transfigures too whole problem, the use of violence In the past 10 years there has been an increase in youth violence. Which has lead to many tragic school shootings and other violent acts, Rap music is one of the main factors that are being blamed for this problem. Rap artists often depict themselves being very rich and living lavish lives. Many rappers also state in their songs how they acquired their riches through illegal activities such as selling illegal drugs or committing robbery.The listeners often find themselves taking a personnel inventory of their own lives and comparing the differences. What they see is staggering so listeners begin to think of ways the can attain the same bounty. Many choose to do it they easy way, using violence, like their heroes. When other people who listen or are exposed to violent and non-violent rap videos were more inclined to express materialistic attitudes and favor potentially acquiring possessions through crime, as well as holding more negative views on the likelihood of succeeding through academic pursuits (Copley).Instead of going to school and attaining a education they begin to steal and rob people hoping to becoming the tugged out gangsters they respect so much. Studies have long shown that media messages have a profound impact on childhood risk behaviors (Parker-pope). Two of those risky behaviors is underage drinking and drug use. Music represents a persuasive source of substance abuse (Parker-pope). Although society finds drinking and drug use to be abominable, there are laws to specify how old you must be to partake in these activities.Of course the youth, replicating the attitude of the rappers, and their feelings of disrespect toward authority, try it anyway. A large number of rap music patrons fall into single parent or low-income socioeconomic categorization, making them hypersensitive to their social rank. Due to the fact that most youth are being very impressionable, when they hear the same thing repeatedly through song after song they begin to believe it, even more so when it comes from a well known celebrity. These celebrities evolve into their role models, which occasionally are the only role models youth consort with.The average adolescent who listens to Just rap would be exposed to 251 references per day (Tanner, Worldly and Seabirds). Majority of the youth who actually listen to rap music have never been introduced to the drugs sung about in the songs they hear. Youth, trying to take on the whole personification of the artist they may try them. Thus leading them to lives of addiction and possibly imprisonment. Many people can agree t that rap music presents glorified versions of the negative influences, provocative and violent images that many parents try to protect their kids from.Proven in countless studies, rap introduces youth to harmful and risky notions. Countless studies have proven this as well. Rap music becomes increasingly popular with youth as we speak. So how do we regulate rap music? Is it even possible? What about freedom of speech and the first amendment? All we need is for a few strong not into such public demonstrations; you can still help, by refusing to listen to rap music. Whatever the case maybe we need a solution and we need one today.

4 Icebreaker Activities for Use Year Round

4 Icebreaker Activities for Use Year Round A positive school climate improves outcomes for students, especially those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. A positive school climate also contributes to academic achievement. Creating a positive school climate that offers such benefits can start in the classroom, and one way to start is by using icebreakers. Although icebreakers do not outwardly appear academic, they are a first step to building a positive classroom climate. According to researchers  Sophie Maxwell et al. in their report The Impact of School Climate and School Identification on Academic Achievement in Frontier Psychology (12/2017), the more positively students perceived school climate, the better their achievement scores were in the numeracy and writing domains. Included in these perceptions were  connections to a class and  the strength of relationships with school staff.   Fostering feelings of trust and acceptance in relationships is difficult when students do not know how to talk to each other. Developing empathy and making connections come from interactions in an informal environment. An emotional connection to  a classroom or school will  improve a students motivation to attend. Teachers might use the following four activities at the beginning of school. They each can be adapted to refresh classroom collaboration and cooperation at various times of the year. Crossword Connection This activity includes visual symbols of connection and self-introductions. The teacher prints her name on the board, leaving some space between each letter. She then tells the class something about herself. Next, she picks a student to come to the board, tell something about themselves  and print their name crossing the teachers name as in a crossword puzzle. Students take turns by saying something about themselves and adding their names. Volunteers copy the completed puzzle as a poster.  The puzzle could be written on paper taped to the board and left up in the first-draft form to save time. This activity can be extended by asking each student to write their name and a statement about themselves on a sheet of paper. The teacher can then use the statements as clues for class names made with crossword puzzle software. TP Surprise Students will know you are full of fun with this one. The teacher welcomes students at the door at the start of class while holding a roll of toilet paper. He or she instructs students to take as many sheets as they need but refusing to explain the purpose. Once the class begins, the teacher asks students to write one interesting thing about themselves on each sheet. When students are finished, they can introduce themselves by reading each sheet of toilet paper. Variation: Students write one thing they hope or expect to learn in the course this year on each sheet. Take a Stand The purpose of this activity is for students to survey their peers positions quickly on various matters. This survey also combines physical movement with topics that range from the serious to the ridiculous. The teacher puts one long line of tape down the center of the room, pushing desks out of the way so that students can stand on either side of the tape. The teacher reads a  statement with either-or answers such as, I prefer night or day, Democrats or Republicans, lizards or snakes. The statements can range from silly trivia to serious content. After hearing each statement, students agreeing with the first response move to one side of the tape and those agreeing with the second, to the other side  of the tape. Undecided or middle-of-the-roaders are allowed to straddle the line of tape. Jigsaw Search Students especially enjoy the search aspect of this activity. The teacher prepares jigsaw puzzle shapes. The shape may be symbolic of a topic or in different colors. These are cut like a jigsaw puzzle with the number of pieces matching the desired group size from two to four. The teacher allows students to select one puzzle piece from a container as they walk into the room. At the designated time, students search the classroom for peers who have puzzle pieces that fit theirs and then team up with those students to perform a task. Some  tasks might be to introduce a partner, to make a poster defining a concept, or to decorate the puzzle pieces and make a mobile. The teacher may have students print their names on both sides of their puzzle piece in order to facilitate name learning during the search activity. The names could be erased or crossed out so the puzzle pieces can be reused. Later, the puzzle pieces can be used as a way to review subject content, for example, by joining an author and his novel, or an element and its properties. Note: If the number of puzzle pieces does not match the number of students in the room, some students will not have a complete group. Leftover puzzle pieces can be placed on a table for students to check to see if their group will be short members.

A Contrast Between the Reapers Are the Angels by Alden Bell and Salems Lot by Stephen King

A Contrast Between the Reapers Are the Angels by Alden Bell and 'Salem's Lot by Stephen King Rationalizing the Supernatural in Horror Novels Stephen King, often declared the greatest and most successful contemporary horror novelist wrote that, â€Å"the great literature of the supernatural often contains the same ‘let’s slow down and look at the accident’ syndrome.† (King, Nightshift xv). This refers to the guilty fascination readers feel as they are captivated by the gruesome details of horror literature. Both Alden Bells’ The Reapers are the Angels and Stephen King’s own ‘salem’s Lot rely on the phenomenon to create an enthralling story. Most people cannot deny that they feel compelled to admire a tragic wreck that is completely out of the ordinary, and this same instinct makes horror literature, like those mentioned, so successful. When in a car wreck, survivors are concerned with their safety and survival and can’t fully take in the details of the situation. Others who drive by, however, tend to slow down and look at the wreck, because they aren’t in danger and have the mental capacity to look at the details of the wreck. They can consider and comprehend the terrifying accident that happened. Similarly, horror novels allow readers to experience the supernatural and the morbid without being overwhelmed by their own fear, but rather they can inspect and approach the supernatural and morbid rationally. Alden Bell’s novel, The Reapers are the Angels takes place in a world of morbidity. Temple fights for survival in a world that has been mostly taken over by the undead, where â€Å"slugs† or â€Å"meatskins† are hungry for human flesh. She encounters fellow humans, some who help her and some who are enemies, as she moves nomadically throughout the United States. She is distant from characters and rejects living in one home, after the death of her younger brother, Malcolm, who she felt she was solely responsible for. Her world involves constant running and fighting, displaying constant fearlessness as most readers would not survive a day among the undead. Morbid images, involving human flesh, blood and carcasses are a reality for Temple. There are many parts of the horror novel that go into great detail of how a human body is torn apart, something that an ordinary person would never see or experience. One example of this is when part of Temple’s pinky finge r is chopped off, and she is fixing it up again. â€Å"It’s gone just above the first knuckle, a clean cut through the bone that shows as a yellow twig poking through at the end. She uses her other hand to draw the skin up over the end of the bone and pinch it shut like a foreskin†¦ now just run a thread through there a few times and tie it off. It’ll be okay.† (Bell, The Reapers are the Angels Ch. 4) This is situation is really out of the ordinary for most readers, who most likely wouldn’t be able to thread half their finger closed without getting sick. However, Temple’s tone makes this seem like a very normal occurrence. This tone is also expressed when she kills Abraham Todd, thinking, â€Å"Why do the livin and dyin always have to be just half an inch apart? She goes to the desk and takes a ballpoint pen from the drawer and puts the tip of it in his nostril and drives it upward sharp and hard with the heel of her hand to keep him from com ing back.† (Bell, The Reapers are the Angels Ch. 3) Most people aren’t murderers and would be extremely shocked in such a situation; probably too shocked to recount memories or make snarky remarks. Throughout the book, Temple is constantly facing dead bodies and other extremely morbid things, which she describes in great detail to readers. Her responses and feelings during these situations are rational and calm, or at least calmer that any regular person would react. She describes horrifying situations with great detail so that readers can understand and experience the situation; neither Temple nor the reader is too overwhelmed by fear to comprehend the situation of fear. Rather, readers are fascinated by the situation, as Stephen King suggests we do in his forward to Nightshift. ‘salem’s Lot exemplifies the author’s own claim about horror novels. Ben Mears, the main character of the horror novel, is an author staying in his childhood town to research for his new novel. During his stay he makes some friends and attempts to protect the people of the town as they transform into vampires. Without success, he leaves with the one other survivor, leaving the town empty of living humans. The detailed explanations that King uses to describe the morbid occurrences of the story create a novel that captivates readers. One of these occurrences was when Ben staked the vampire of Susan, his girlfriend. â€Å"Death had not put its mark on her. Her face was blushed with color, and her lips, innocent of make-up, were a deep and glowing read. Her forehead was pale but flawless, the skin like cream. Her eyes were closed, and the dark lashes lay snootily against her cheeks†¦ Yet the total impression was not of angelic loveliness but a cold, disconnected beauty.† (King, ‘Salem’s Lot Ch. 14 Pt. 15) The undead are monsters that we expect to appear frightening, but we don’t understand why we would feel frightened by them, until an author like King describes the beauty of a vampire like Susan and we understand why we feel uneasy. Further in the chapter, as Ben is staking her body, â€Å"blood gushed upward from the stake’s point of entry in a bright and astonishing flood, splashing his hands, his shirt, his cheeks. In an instant the cellar was filled with its hot, coppery odor.† This description is fascinating to readers, because in the situation we would not be able to comprehend what was happening, as we would be overwhelmed by fear. When we read about this shocking scene of the story, we experience it without fear distracting us from the details. Readers can slow down the situation and inspect the details of it, similar to how one would slow down to stare at a car wreck. The style and structure of the book itself is filled with extraordinary detail, even though the conclusion of the story is an empty town void of humans. The novel cycles through several different characters’ viewpoints and storylines. When looking at the storyline, many of the details and additional characters would not have actually been necessary in reaching the same conclusion. For example, the story of Dud Rogers, who lived by and maintained the Jerusalem’s Lot’s Town Dump, was described in painful detail. It described his introverted personality, his appreciation of setting the dump on fire, his angry thoughts and his habit of shooting rats (King, ‘Salem’s Lot Ch. 3 Pt. 10). References and connections between Dud and other community members were very rare and insignificant, and his fate was death and rising as a vampire like all the other people of the town, posing the question of whether his role in the book was important. Although it seems rea lly distracting when following the story line, especially because he is only one of many minor characters that each carry their own complicated story and personality, he played a role in the overall effect of the story, along with all of these minor characters. ‘Salem’s Lot is not a story of some individual vampires or even the horrific death of a group of innocent people, but rather how an entire town died. The detail given to characters like Dud contribute to formation of the town. They are important in making readers realize that this is not Ben Mears and his friends’ story, but the story of ‘Salem’s Lot. The detail also contributes to King’s â€Å"slow down and look at the accident† syndrome. With this full understanding of the community, readers can also better comprehend the death of the town. Something so morbid and horrific as the fall of a town to vampires is really irrational and incomprehensible to people, because it is extre mely out of the ordinary and in this case isn’t truly possible. The detail that King’s novel features creates an understandable explanation for this town’s unexplainable and terrifying status, and this is what captures readers. In his forward, King explains why appealing to this obsession with morbidity is effective in attracting readers. Most of our fears are irrational, or the way we approach them is irrational. We know that vampires, zombies and the supernatural do not exist, but we are afraid of them nonetheless. The forward uses an example that most people can relate to; we make sure our entire body is under the covers when we are in bed, in fear of a cold hand reaching out from under the bed, and where this hand may drag us. We can’t comprehend this fear because we feel it despite knowing it is irrational. However, horror novels, like those mentioned, approach these fears in a very rational way, as exemplified by both The Reapers are the Angels and ‘salem’s Lot. The rational descriptions and approaches to supernatural horrors in some horror literature interest readers, because they can finally achieve comprehension of their irrationality. This is fascinating to readers not because they are fascinated by morbidity, death and the supernatural, but because they can understand fears that were previously beyond their understanding. These horror novels are an opportunity for readers to slow down and think about supernatural horrors rationally without being under the influence of their own fear.

The Case of the Performance Appraisal Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The of the Performance Appraisal - Case Study Example At the very beginning of the hiring process, discrimination maybe avoided through adequate training of individuals involved in the selection process on age discrimination laws and regulation, creation of a well-structured criterion that is not biased heavily towards younger applicants. Like all problems revolving around the workforce, age discrimination is also an issue that is best handled as early as it occurs. A strong commitment by the management and a proactive attitude towards the elimination of this problem is essential. This involves a careful review of job descriptions to analyze the scope of responsibilities at each position and ensuring the existence of a good compensation system. Additionally a clear and transparent performance appraisal system is necessary in communicating a just and fair management that bases its decisions for layoffs on performance indicators as opposed to controversial factors such as age.(Jenny Cromie, 2008). Experts propound that decisions that are based on â€Å"the position and not the person† are less likely to be received as discriminatory by the workforce (Jenny Cromie, 2008). In a study on age discrimination in stimulated employment settings it was found that older people are less likely to be rated favorably in the absence of job relevant information (Finkelstein, Burke & Raju 1995) In order to discourage discrimination by coworkers, managers must ensure the clear communication of company policy on age discrimination highlighting its commitment to providing equal opportunities and maintaining a fair approach towards the entire workforce. Section III An increasing number of employees are covered by the Age Discrimination and Employment Act (ADEA) which overs employees over 40 years of age. Such laws in addition to a relatively sluggish world economy has contributed to a large number of older workers preferring to stay in their jobs for longer than some employers may expect (Jenny Cromie, 2008). Under such conditio ns it is not uncommon that corporations are often drawn into lengthy lawsuits by laid off employees in addition to facing the lack of morale in the workers that remain. It is therefore useful to consider alternative options that allow organizations to retain their elderly workers without experiencing an increase in costs. A mutually beneficial arrangement in the form of ‘Job Sharing’ appears as a useful tool for employers who wish to retain older employees. This could effectively make it possible for the business to make part time work available and hence attract applicants while still retaining the full time coverage of a job. The combination of different perspectives and experiences on the same job can be fruitful in generating new and creative ideas and speedy problem solving techniques. Encouraging professional development of the work force in general and ensuring adequate training of older employees as newer systems are adopted can also help in reducing the gap bet ween

Constructivism and Post-Structuralism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Constructivism and Post-Structuralism - Essay Example Constructivism's 'importance and its added value for the study of International Relations lie mainly in its emphasis on the ontological reality of intersubjective knowledge and on the epistemological and methodological implications of this reality'. He devotes an entire section to elucidating intersubjectivity as collectively shared knowledge which both empowers and constrains actors and also defines social reality. The upshot of Adler's portrayal of constructivism is, as the title of his article suggests, that it has a justifiable claim to the 'middle ground', which he construes as situated between rationalism and poststructuralism. Adler identifies 'seizing the middle ground' as the key to the constructivist project. This assessment is echoed by other scholars. Hopf sees constructivism as situated in the middle ground between rational choice theory and postmodernism, whilst Ted Hopf locates it between the mainstream and critical theory. Thus in defining constructivism scholars make reference to recognising the material world as existing independently of, but interacting with, the social world, the central role of intersubjectivity and the significance of occupying a middle-ground position. Wendt's positioning in the middle ground, related to a particular notion of identity; Kratochwil's reliance on an unproblematic intersubjectivity, based on normative context; and Onuf's claim to an independently existing material world behind our constructions. The acknowledgement of materiality appear to be crucial.... (Katzenstein, 1998, 645-85) This takes us on to a second key element of constructivism, namely intersubjectivity. (Guzzini, 2000, 147-82). According to Adler, constructivism's 'importance and its added value for the study of International Relations lie mainly in its emphasis on the ontological reality of intersubjective knowledge and on the epistemological and methodological implications of this reality'. (Adler, 1997, 319-63) He devotes an entire section to elucidating intersubjectivity as collectively shared knowledge which both empowers and constrains actors and also defines social reality. (Adler, 1997, 319-63) The upshot of Adler's portrayal of constructivism is, as the title of his article suggests, that it has a justifiable claim to the 'middle ground', which he construes as situated between rationalism and poststructuralism. (Adler, 1997, 319-63)Adler identifies 'seizing the middle ground' as the key to the constructivist project. This assessment is echoed by other scholars. Hopf sees constructivism as situated in the middle ground between rational choice theory and postmodernism, whilst Ted Hopf locates it betw een the mainstream and critical theory. (Hopf, 1998, 171-200) Thus in defining constructivism scholars make reference to recognising the material world as existing independently of, but interacting with, the social world, the central role of intersubjectivity and the significance of occupying a middle-ground position. Wendt's positioning in the middle ground, related to a particular notion of identity; Kratochwil's reliance on an unproblematic intersubjectivity, based on normative context; and Onuf's claim to an independently existing material world behind our constructions. (Onuf, 1989, 45-50) The acknowledgement

High School vs. College Essay Example for Free

High School vs. College Essay Stepping stones are like the baby steps into something greater, like high school and college. In high school, everyone says to focus yourself more into, because high school is the place to gain the knowledge that is nearly identical to the â€Å"actual world†. College, on the other hand, is when both the teachers and students can both relate to how the real world would function. So high school is the part of the baby steps that reach into college and as well as the real world. Although high school and college reading and writing become different, they also have some similarities, but in the end they’re both really important to everything that happens in people’s everyday lives. In my four years of being in high school English, I can say that it’s already really different from college. The reading in high school was always given and there were times that it included self-reading, but it was because we were given questions to answer. Other times, it was because we had to do journals on each chapter of the book; main idea, summaries, character changes, etc. Overall, it was really easy, because the teachers would do at least half of the work for you and then you would be given the rest as homework, as long as you don’t procrastinate. Being a freshman is college, it’s scary, because you hear stories from people saying how easy or hard it is being in college. There’s more self-reading that has to be done and during that time, you also have the process of taking notes and writing small responses when needed to on your own. It’s all about the independency and responsibility that any adult would have when entering through college. As much as I love the subject English, I was never a huge fan of writing, whether I’m in high school or college. The writing processes that happened in high school were usually the same. We would read something that the teacher had given to us, take notes, and from those notes, we would have had to write some form of paper or short response. All the information about the book and paper were given to us, made it that much easier to know what to write about and what the paper was required to have by the teacher. College is a whole new environment for those who are entering and sometimes it can take a while to get acquainted with everything. College is one of those things. The writing in college is very different, because the professors want something to be originally different form each student, rather than having to read all the class articles and they all end up sounding the same. Everything is different, because the formats that we have always stuck to throughout elementary and improved during high school is almost not needed in college. All those five paragraph essays won’t even be considered as an essay anymore, but if there are more paragraphs and as long as the topic is straight through, then that’s an essay. Reading and writing are really important things to be learned, because that’s basically what the whole world consists of; letters and words and paragraphs. You can’t learn how to write if you don’t how to read or else you wouldn’t know the meaning of those words and the sentence itself. The same concept goes for reading. Be glad that you know how to do both of these things, because some people aren’t as fortunate as we are. Where they come from, education is given differently, which doesn’t allow â€Å"everyone† to be able to have the same education as others. This is also another reason why some families travel to a country so that their children can have a better future than the parents or their families have had before them. This allows the not only the children new expectations, but also gives the families some new experiences as they travel through this journey. Writing and reading are two very important skills that are called Communication. For example, my major is Philosophy – Pre law. In pre-law it’s all about the debates and knowing how to communicate. Without these two main factors, then you wouldn’t be able to converse with others and be able to exchange ideas, because then how would you be able to learn and increase your knowledge to be able to win the debates? This is the main reason of why reading and writing are very important to all of us. Everyone has heard other people tell them that you must always prepare yourself when entering into the â€Å"real world†. Where we are at right now, whether it be high school or college, are considered as baby steps into reaching new experiences. First, there is high school, where we go to school and we gain more knowledge that is nearly identical to what we would be experiencing soon in the future. Then onto the next stepping stone, college, where it is the place that we can actually apply all those abilities that we learned before and into a place that the world would function similarly. So all in the end, it’s really important and maybe even critical that we all learn and know how to read and write since the entire world in made of mainly these two main factors.

Sigmund Freuds Influence upon Salvador Dali Essay -- Art Analysis

The beginning of the twentieth century was a fascinating time for modern man. Artists, musicians, novelists, inventors, and scientists were reveling on new ways of experiencing life. The shadows of the past and the dawn of the new era opened the minds of many who relished constant change. Science and medicine were evolving, and one man in particular sought to expand knowledge and understanding. Sigmund Freud, the most renowned, thought provoking psychologist to have ever lived, opened an exciting chapter in the study of the mind. Without a doubt, Freud had influenced, and inspired artists searching for something new. The world of psychology and art were interweaving and promising a bold new path. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) studied medicine, science, and philosophy as an introduction to the study of the human mind. Freud desired to have a thorough understanding of the inner workings of the conscious and subconscious condition. It was noted, â€Å"Sigmund would become thoroughly absorbed in his research, so much so†¦he couldn’t stop wanting to study†. (Masson, The Life of Simund Freud) He graduated high school in 1873, and received a doctorate degree in 1881. Freud was enamored with all specialties of science, and conducted research and experiments with notable scientists of the late nineteenth century. Freud’s first foray into psychiatric medicine was in 1883 studying neuropathy. Soon afterwards, he studied hypnosis. Freud’s enthusiasm to decipher the mysteries within the mind was unmatched, and psychology was being rejuvenated. Known today as the founder of psychoanalysis, Freud wrote a monumental and highly criticized book, The Interpretation of Dreams. Started eight years prior to its publication in 1900, the study was part autob... ...was exponentially successful at painting the mind Freud intellectualized. Works Cited Bradbury, Kirsten. Essential Dali. Bath: Parragon, 2000. —. Essential Dali. Bath: Parragon, 2000. Freud, Sigmund. Beyond the Pleasure Principle. New York: Norton, 1989. Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff. "The Life of Sigmund Freud." Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams, The Illustrated Edition. New York: Sterling, 2010. 168. Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff. "The Life of Simund Freud." Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams, The Illustrated Edition. New York: Sterling, 2010. 65. Robert Descharnes, Gilles Neret. "Art of the 20th Century: Salvador Dali." n.d. A World History of Art. 21 4 2012 . Wood, Dr. Jonathan. "Introduction: The Essential Dali." Bradbury, Kirsten. The Essential Dali. Bath: Parragon, 2000. 11.