Feudalism And Feudal States From Europe After The Breakup...

Name: Jessica-Anne Knupp Date: 10/04/2014 Class: HS111 World CIV How did feudalism and feudal states come to be formed in Europe after the breakup of the Carolingian empire? Feudalism is the word used to describe a complex set of relationships which appeared following the reign of Charlemagne. I came to find that basically there isn’t a book to tell you exactly about feudalism, no rule book or handbook. Because of this feudalism is sometimes difficult to describe and just as difficult to understand, I had problems understanding the topic myself. I actually found myself having to think harder and require more resources spending multiple hours just researching on the matter just to understand the system as much as possible and its apparently nonexistent rules. On top of that, also attempting to learn how feudalism first started and why of its popularity for many years. As I continued to gather information, I noticed the difficulty of finding just how and where feudalism made its first appearance. It was rare I would find two credible sources with the same historical dating for feudalism. Feudalism was the term officially used by historians to describe the type of government institutions, as well as the general social and political relationships, that existed at that period among warrior-landholders in much of Europe, what we know today as the Middle Ages. Feudalism, a few years later after its birth, it began defined as a contract under which military service was given in

Physics Lab Report Impulse - 1163 Words

Impulse and Momentum Lab Part I: As the first lab of the Physics 2 curriculum, our class completed a lab experiment that introduced us students to a new concept that would be a foundation to the future topics that we learn in this class. In this lab activity, we used a lab cart on a flat track to compare the collision of the cart with a force sensor with and without the plunger during different trials. The materials that we would need for this activity are a lab cart on a flat track, a timer, a force sensor, and a Ti-Nspire Calculator. The Ti-Nspire Calculator was connected to the force sensor in order to track and create data that would be shown in graphs on the calculator. Because we had to compare the collision of the cart with†¦show more content†¦In conclusion, there were many differences between the calculations found between the trials with and without the plungers of the lab cart. The key differences were the differences between duration of impact, average force, and impulse of both trials. Part II: As a follow-up lab activity to Part I, we completed a lab in which was to compare the impulse applied to the cart and the change of momentum of the cart. Our goal was to support with Impulse-Momentum Theory with the results that we collected. To begin, we would need a few additional materials to conduct this lab activity. This lab required the use of both the CBR motion sensor as well as the force censor to record the position of the cart as well as the force of the cart once it collides with the force sensor. In order to use both of these sensors simultaneously, Mr. Patterson introduced a new technology and it was named â€Å"lab cradle,† which in basic terms, was a multi-channeled data collector with multiple USB ports, and allowed for the connection of more than one sensor. Once these materials were plugged in and ready to use, we began to run trials by pushing the lab cart across a flat track and starting the sensors at the same time to record data. After running a few trials to obtain decent data, the Ti-Nspire showed two graphs that were Force (N) vs. Time (s) and Position vs. TimeShow MoreRelatedEgg Drop1366 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: Egg Drop Lab Report Egg Drop Lab Report Jon Johnson Rochester Area High School Egg Drop Lab Report Introduction The objective of this project was to create a structure that will protect a raw egg and prevent it from breaking when being dropped from a minimum height of two meters. A decent hypothesis or prediction one could develop before any experimental trials would be as follows. 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The extent to which security is a necessary precondition for development Free Essays

string(56) " region does not directly denote lower violence levels\." Introduction In order to have a better understanding of the role that is played by security in national or global progress, it is vital to first provide an in-depth definition of the term security. There are different definitions of that are used in literature. For instance, Spear and Williams (2012, p. We will write a custom essay sample on The extent to which security is a necessary precondition for development or any similar topic only for you Order Now 7) argue that security is not only the capability of a nation to offer protection of its external and internal values and resources from threats. It also encompasses the manner in which countries plan, implement and evaluate their strategies, issues and policies so as to increase their all-round stability while at the same time reducing their vulnerability levels to threats. Norman (2010, p.299) also defines security as a combination of all components that assure citizens that their property and lives are safe. For countries and the globe at large to prosper, security is among the most vital preconditions (Dobbins, 2009, p.1). In this regard, this paper intends to critically analyze the extent to which security is a prerequisite for development. Whereas it agrees that indeed, security is required for development to take root, some arguments against this statement are also presented. The Role played by Security in Development There is a wide scope over which security or insecurity can be explained. One of these refers to the peace and cohesion among people. Regions that are characterized by peace and minimal conflicts are regarded to as having security (Colletta et al., 2001, p.439). On the contrary, regions without peace are referred to as being insecure because existent tensions often result in violence or war as a result of the inherent differences. Security also refers to how prepared a nation is to defend its citizens from threats that may be either internal or external. This often refers to how well the defence forces or police forces are equipped (Bandyopadhyay Sandler, 2011, p.552). In this context, insecurity is often characterized by high frequencies of terrorism attacks and armed violence. Security also refers to how effectively public resources are managed to serve the interests of all its citizens (Okubo Shelley, 2010, p.136). In many cases, this form of security can be breached by the exis tence of corruption among some government officials or the political elite. Ensuring an all-round security might be challenging, but it facilitates the attainment of development goals that have been set to be achieved. Security is regarded as both a crucial aspect of, and a precondition for development. In situations that are characterized by high insecurity levels, development becomes more difficult to attain (Dobbins, 2009, p.1). Instead, there are failures in economic growth with affected countries registering negative growth. Social cohesion and integration among communities is also adversely affected, and may further lead to other disasters like war, food shortages, and other humanitarian crises. Such scenarios have existed in the past, and continue to exist across the globe in countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo (Grenfell James, 2008, p.4). Even with the democratic republic of Congo being endowed with numerous natural resources and a good climate for Agriculture, war and insecurity have stunted its development. It is currently featured on the UN’s list of the 48 least developed nations (UNCTAD, 2013). Even in nations that are regarded as being comparatively peaceful, incid ents of insecurity have a direct impact on their development. Any form of crime can be referred to as a security threat. These also include corruption and nepotism, which impose heavy burdens on taxpayers, adversely affecting the economic and political development of a nation. However, one of the issues that can be pointed out about the UNCTAD report is the fact that most of its data focuses on developing countries. Even though it is apparent that developing countries are the most prone to crime and insecurity and crime, it also affects developed nations. For instance, the United States has 14,612 annual homicide cases per 100,000 people (UNODC, 2012). Development can also be hampered by the simple fact that there are inefficient security structures in place (Dobbins, 2009, p.1). Therefore, it is vital for governments to ensure that their security sectors are efficient because it is the only way in which development programs are likely to succeed. Relation between Insecurity and Underdevelopment Several studies have been carried out in the past to evaluate the relationship that exists between insecurity and underdevelopment (Geneva Declaration, 2010, p.21). For instance, armed violence, which either results from crime or war, has an adverse impact on the attainment of millennium development goals in several countries. These goals are even made more difficult to attain in cases where there are higher internal and external risk factors, continuum of conflict and high insecurity levels. From a recent study that was carried out by Howe (2012, p.349) on how unstable or in a fragile states are doing in terms of their progress towards attaining MDGs, it was established that no fragile nation has made any reasonable progress. Insecurity or armed violence, for this matter, adversely affects other contributors towards development like accessibility to education (Geneva Declaration, 2010, p.20). Some of the effects of insecurity or violence on national development are summarized in the table below. While armed violence or insecurity leads to underdevelopment, it has also been established by other researchers that underdevelopment also triggers insecurity. Countries that are characterized by severe economic and social inequalities – also referred to as horizontal inequality – are at high risks or getting into recurrent conflict. Therefore, more security can be attained if wealth or power distribution is done more evenly (Geneva Declaration, 2010, p.22). Typically, it is expected that since insecurity or conflict hampers development, peace will lead to increased development. However, the correlation between conflict and underdevelopment, does not match with that between peace and development (Spear Williams, 2012, p.313). Prevalence of peace does not necessarily translate to high levels of development. In addition to this, Denney (2013) argues that high development levels in a certain nation or geographical region does not directly denote lower violence levels. You read "The extent to which security is a necessary precondition for development" in category "Essay examples" A good example is the sub-national conflicts in Asia, which is arguably the most enduring and widespread conflict in the entire Asian continent. Within the past two decades that spread from 1992 to 2012, the Southeast and South Asian regions have witnessed approximately 26 conflicts (Parks et al., 2013). However, amidst these conflicts, these regions have registere d significant development over the recent past. This evidence clearly indicates that development is not necessarily dependent on peace. Therefore, it be argued that violence or insecurity inhibits the countries’ potentials of attaining their projected development goals within the appropriate timeframe. Effects of National security on FDI Development in many countries partly relies on foreign direct investments. However, for a company to set up operations in a certain country, several factors are considered. Key among these is security (Waziri, 2012, p.93). Nations that assure investors of security of their business assets and workforce are likely to benefit from FDI than those marred with insecurity or civil wars. It is worth noting that foreign direct investments contribute to the development of a country by paying taxes, creating employment for citizens and also encouraging innovation in local businesses as they compete with these multinationals (Waziri, 2012, p.93). While relatively secure nations benefit from increased FDI inflows, insecure nations continue grappling with unemployment and poor economic growth. Insecurity also contributes to an increase in levels of immigration, especially of potentially resourceful individuals, to more secure countries. As a result of this, insecure countries are deprived of huma n intellectual capital while secure nations continue benefitting from an increased influx of the same. One of the nations that are regarded as insecure for FDIs is Somalia (Mihalache?O’keef Li, 2011, p.83). Indeed, it is among the least developed nations in the world, characterized by existence of extremist groups like the Al-Shabaab, unending wars, famine and poverty (Muggah, 2013, p.135). Whereas it is expected that inflow of FDI is more in countries that are secure and corruption free, the levels of insecurity that investors face are dependent on several factors. For instance, government officials in countries where many foreign companies wish to invest are likely to develop corruption traits. On the other hand, countries with minimal inflow of FDI may want to portray a corruption-free image so as to attract investors. Security, Democracy and Development According to Dobbins (2009, p.3), there is a strong link that exists between security, democracy and development. Security is needed to assure a nation of sustainable economic growth and democracy. Even in cases of minimal or no foreign aid, ensuring that there are security measures in place to minimize possibilities of conflict will definitely lead to a reasonable economic growth and political stability (Harms, 2013, p.32). Conversely, even with foreign economic assistance, lack of sufficient security will undermine the development potential that can be attained. For a long time, democracy has been credited for long-term stability and peace in nations and as a consequence, associated economic development, social cohesion and overall prosperity of the nation. Without democracy, security and development may not be sustainable. Diamond and Plattner (2001, p.10) posit that democracy has both intrinsic and instrumental roles in development. Intrinsically, democracy makes people capable o f living a free and autonomous life. Instrumentally, democracy provides a guarantee that the created laws and policies are in sync with the needs and interests of citizens. Therefore, it can be argued that democracy determines people’s quality of life and overall development. This clearly indicates that there are other factors alongside security that contribute towards sustainable development. The best way in which the effects of security on development can be evaluated is by comparing the levels of security across different countries with their levels of development. The most secure countries, as presented by the Human Security Bulletin (2010), include Norway, New Zealand and Denmark. These countries also feature among the most developed nations in the world. This indicates that security is among the factors that contribute towards development. Even though the role played by security in development is evident, it should be noted that development also has several other preconditions apart from security. These include education, food security and democracy (Vitola Senfelde, 2010, p.327). Development also contributes towards ensuring that high levels of security are maintained in a country. Therefore, while security is regarded as being a prerequisite for development, development is also a precondition for security. Conclusion Security is one of the key contributors to national development. As presented in this paper, the wide scope over which security affects a country can make it challenging to wholly implement. Countries that are known to be safe or secure have the highest levels of development, while those that have high occurrences of unrest and insecurity are classified as the least developed. Some of the least developed nations that are also known to have high insecurity include Somalia and Afghanistan. Whereas the main argument presented in this paper is that security is a prerequisite for development, it has been explained that there are other contributing factors like education, which combine with security to facilitate development. Another argument that has been presented in this paper is that the levels of development in a nation also have a direct impact on the levels of security. Developed countries have less insecurity incidents than developed countries. Future research should address strate gies that less secure countries, which are also less developed, can use to increase their levels of security so as to increase their development. References Bandyopadhyay, S. Sandler, T., 2011. The Interplay Between Preemptive and Defensive Counterterrorism Measures: A Two?stage Game. Economica, 78(311), pp.546-64. Colletta, N.J., Lim, T.G. Kelles-Viitanen, A., 2001. Social Cohesion and Conflict Prevention in Asia: Managing Diversity Through Development. New York: World Bank Publications. Denney, L., 2013. Insecurity disrupts development, but peace doesn’t drive it. [Online] Available at: http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/Blogs/Post-2015-shaping-a-global-agenda/Insecurity-disrupts-development-but-peace-doesn-t-drive-it [Accessed 4 January 2014]. Diamond, L. Plattner, ?.F., 2001. The Global Divergence of Democracies. Maryland: JHU Press. Dobbins, J., 2009. The Role of Security in Development. [Online] Available at: http://www.l20.org/publications/18_M7_ODA_Dobbins.pdf [Accessed 4 January 2014]. Geneva Declaration, 2010. More Violence, Less Development: Examining the relationship between armed violence and MDG achievement. [Online] Available at: http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/MDG_Process/MoreViolenceLessDevelopment.pdf [Accessed 4 January 2014]. Grenfell, D. James, P., 2008. Rethinking Insecurity, War and Violence: Beyond Savage GlobalizationOxon: Taylor Francis. Harms, P., 2013. Demographic structure and the security of property rights: The role of development and democracy. European Journal of Political Economy, 5(7), pp.23-37. Howe, B.M., 2012. Governance in teh Interests of the Most Vulnerable. Public Administration and Development, 32(4-5), pp.345-56. Human Security Bulletin, 2010. Top 3 most safe countries in teh World. [Online] Available at: http://www.humansecuritybulletin.info/safe_countries.html [Accessed 4 January 2014]. Mihalache?O’keef, A. Li, Q., 2011. Modernization vs. Dependency Revisited: Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Food Security in Less Developed Countries. International Studies Quarterly, 55(1), pp.71-93. Muggah, R., 2013. Stabilization Operations, Security and Development: States of Fragility. New Jersey: Routledge. Norman, T.L., 2010. Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection. Florida: CRC Press. Okubo, S. Shelley, L., 2010. The anti-corruption industry: from movement to institution. New Jersey: Taylor Francis. Parks, T., Colletta, N. Oppenheim, B., 2013. The Contested Corners of Asia: Subnational Conflict and International Development Assistance. Washington, DC: The Asia Foundation The Asia Foundation. Spear, J. Williams, P?.D., 2012. Security and Development in Global Politics: A Critical Comparison. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. UNCTAD, 2013. UN List of Least Developed Countries. [Online] Available at: http://unctad.org/en/pages/aldc/Least%20Developed%20Countries/UN-list-of-Least-Developed-Countries.aspx [Accessed 3 January 2014]. UNODC, 2012. Intentional homicide, count and rate per 100,000 population (1995-2011). New York: UNODC United Nations. Vitola, A. Senfelde, M., 2010. The Optimization of National Development Planning System as a Precondition for Competitiveness and Sustainability of National Economy. Economics Management, 15, pp.325-31. Waziri, K.M., 2012. Industrial Property Rights Protection and Entrepreneurship Development in Nigeria: The Economic Implication. Journal of Politics and Law, 5(1), p.93. How to cite The extent to which security is a necessary precondition for development, Essay examples

Reflection on Memoirs of a Student in Manila free essay sample

REFLECTION ON MEMOIRS OF A STUDENT IN MANILA BY P. JACINTO (JOSE RIZAL) This was written by Dr. Jose Rizal when he was around 17 to 20 years old when he was studying in University of Santo Tomas and it narrates his early life, about his family and memories of being away from his family to study in Manila. It said that the first pen name used in his writing was P. Jacinto and other pen names were Laong Laan and Dimas Alang. He has nine sisters and one brother. They have a good life before that’s why they afford to study in a good school and they have a fine way of living. Rizal’s father wanted him to study in the Dominican-owned Colegio San Juan de Letran but changed his mind and decided to send him instead to Ateneo Municipal, formerly the Escuela Pia which was a school for poor boy and was established by the city government and when the Jesuits returned to Manila in 1859, they were given the management of the school. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Memoirs of a Student in Manila or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was said that the system of education given by the Jesuits was more advanced than that of other colleges in that time and it was in Ateneo where he first used the surname â€Å"Rizal† because at that time, his real surname â€Å"Mercado† had come under the suspicion of Spanish authorities. He began at the bottom of the school, but within a month he was Emperor of Rome. The Ateneo had divided the students into two empires, Roman and Carthaginian, to fight for academic supremacy. It was this war that soon brought young Rizal triumph and prizes. At the end of the first quarter he received the grade excellent. In the five years Rizal studied in Ateneo, he showed his intelligence and diligence in his academics and extra-curriculars as Jesuits called him a child excellent in religious sentiments, customs and application, with progress worthy of his signal talent. After graduating with honors from Ateneo, Rizal went to University of Santo Tomas to pursue higher studies. His father and brother wanted him to pursue higher learning but Dona Teodora opposed the idea when she knew of what happended to the three martyr priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora. After finishing first year of a course in Philosophy and Letters, he transferred to the medical course. Rizal was unhappy in his stay with the Reflection on Memoirs of a Student in Manila free essay sample It was said that Rizal’s father wanted him to study in the Dominican-owned Colegio San Juan de Letran but changed his mind and decided to send him instead to Ateneo Municipal, formerly the Escuela Pia which was a school for poor boy and was established by the city government and when the Jesuits returned to Manila in 1859, they were given the management of the school. It was said that the system of education given by the Jesuits was more advanced than that of other colleges in that time and it was in Ateneo where he first used the surname â€Å"Rizal† because at that time, his real surname â€Å"Mercado† had come under the suspicion of Spanish authorities. He began at the bottom of the school, but within a month he was Emperor of Rome. The Ateneo had divided the students into two empires, Roman and Carthaginian, to fight for academic supremacy. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Memoirs of a Student in Manila or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was this war that soon brought young Rizal triumph and prizes. At the end of the first quarter he received the grade excellent. In the five years Rizal studied in Ateneo, he showed his intelligence and diligence in his academics and extra-curriculars as Jesuits called him a child excellent in religious sentiments, customs and application, with progress worthy of his signal talent. After graduating with honors from Ateneo, Rizal went to University of Santo Tomas to pursue higher studies. His father and brother wanted him to pursue higher learning but Dona Teodora opposed the idea when she knew of what happended to the three martyr priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora. After finishing first year of a course in Philosophy and Letters, he transferred to the medical course. Rizal was unhappy in his stay with the university because his Dominican professors were hostile to him, Filipino students were racially discriminated against by the Spaniads and the method of instruction was obsolete and repressive unlike in Ateneo. Rizal failed to win high scholastic honors although in his first year his grades were all excellent

Rap Music and Youth free essay sample

Gangster rap artists have had many squabbling with the law as well as with patrons. This genre contains multitudinous amounts of Inappropriate themes such as murder, sexual disposition and robbery. Gangster rap music negatively Influences youth through suggesting provocative and violent images. Rap music continually affects Individuals throughout their whole life. Starting at school age. Where studies have associated lower grades with students who listen to rap (Copley) until adulthood. As a result gangster rap begins to affect future identity development.Many youth use rap music as a stress reliever to find someone that understands the struggles they face in daily life. They view rappers as heroes or mom type of luminary. When doing so youth try to find a common link between themselves and the artist who is relaying the music or whatever the song is depicting. Someone who experienced the same issue they are now partaking in and has now succeeded and made it big. We will write a custom essay sample on Rap Music and Youth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Music is well-known to connect with adolescents and to Influence Identity development perhaps more than any other entertainment medium (Tanner, Worldly and Seabirds).As a result they begin to illustrate and exemplify the things that are portrayed in the music they hear. Thereafter, turning impressionable youth into counterfeit gangsters. Many of the homes that are depicted In rap songs are deemed as negative and Inappropriate. Countless attempts have been made to limit or regulate what can be said In rap songs. Rap is the only music genre to have a musical recording of a song be declared as criminally obscene by a federal judge or have a musical of a song recording boycotted by the law enforcement .Equally Important, the way women are expounded and represented, continues to form violent and demeaning views against women. Considering that women were once glorified and respected,in music now women are depicted as ditches and whores who sere as the sexual object of men or I OFF vocalizes women as worthless and expendable items of trash. Some youth even try to transfer this glorified life of disrespecting women to their own lives. C. Brogan,G Hall, and C Nagoya found that college males who listened to misogynous Rap music were more likely to show assaulting or sexually violent film vignettes to female confederates. This transfigures too whole problem, the use of violence In the past 10 years there has been an increase in youth violence. Which has lead to many tragic school shootings and other violent acts, Rap music is one of the main factors that are being blamed for this problem. Rap artists often depict themselves being very rich and living lavish lives. Many rappers also state in their songs how they acquired their riches through illegal activities such as selling illegal drugs or committing robbery.The listeners often find themselves taking a personnel inventory of their own lives and comparing the differences. What they see is staggering so listeners begin to think of ways the can attain the same bounty. Many choose to do it they easy way, using violence, like their heroes. When other people who listen or are exposed to violent and non-violent rap videos were more inclined to express materialistic attitudes and favor potentially acquiring possessions through crime, as well as holding more negative views on the likelihood of succeeding through academic pursuits (Copley).Instead of going to school and attaining a education they begin to steal and rob people hoping to becoming the tugged out gangsters they respect so much. Studies have long shown that media messages have a profound impact on childhood risk behaviors (Parker-pope). Two of those risky behaviors is underage drinking and drug use. Music represents a persuasive source of substance abuse (Parker-pope). Although society finds drinking and drug use to be abominable, there are laws to specify how old you must be to partake in these activities.Of course the youth, replicating the attitude of the rappers, and their feelings of disrespect toward authority, try it anyway. A large number of rap music patrons fall into single parent or low-income socioeconomic categorization, making them hypersensitive to their social rank. Due to the fact that most youth are being very impressionable, when they hear the same thing repeatedly through song after song they begin to believe it, even more so when it comes from a well known celebrity. These celebrities evolve into their role models, which occasionally are the only role models youth consort with.The average adolescent who listens to Just rap would be exposed to 251 references per day (Tanner, Worldly and Seabirds). Majority of the youth who actually listen to rap music have never been introduced to the drugs sung about in the songs they hear. Youth, trying to take on the whole personification of the artist they may try them. Thus leading them to lives of addiction and possibly imprisonment. Many people can agree t that rap music presents glorified versions of the negative influences, provocative and violent images that many parents try to protect their kids from.Proven in countless studies, rap introduces youth to harmful and risky notions. Countless studies have proven this as well. Rap music becomes increasingly popular with youth as we speak. So how do we regulate rap music? Is it even possible? What about freedom of speech and the first amendment? All we need is for a few strong not into such public demonstrations; you can still help, by refusing to listen to rap music. Whatever the case maybe we need a solution and we need one today.

4 Icebreaker Activities for Use Year Round

4 Icebreaker Activities for Use Year Round A positive school climate improves outcomes for students, especially those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. A positive school climate also contributes to academic achievement. Creating a positive school climate that offers such benefits can start in the classroom, and one way to start is by using icebreakers. Although icebreakers do not outwardly appear academic, they are a first step to building a positive classroom climate. According to researchers  Sophie Maxwell et al. in their report The Impact of School Climate and School Identification on Academic Achievement in Frontier Psychology (12/2017), the more positively students perceived school climate, the better their achievement scores were in the numeracy and writing domains. Included in these perceptions were  connections to a class and  the strength of relationships with school staff.   Fostering feelings of trust and acceptance in relationships is difficult when students do not know how to talk to each other. Developing empathy and making connections come from interactions in an informal environment. An emotional connection to  a classroom or school will  improve a students motivation to attend. Teachers might use the following four activities at the beginning of school. They each can be adapted to refresh classroom collaboration and cooperation at various times of the year. Crossword Connection This activity includes visual symbols of connection and self-introductions. The teacher prints her name on the board, leaving some space between each letter. She then tells the class something about herself. Next, she picks a student to come to the board, tell something about themselves  and print their name crossing the teachers name as in a crossword puzzle. Students take turns by saying something about themselves and adding their names. Volunteers copy the completed puzzle as a poster.  The puzzle could be written on paper taped to the board and left up in the first-draft form to save time. This activity can be extended by asking each student to write their name and a statement about themselves on a sheet of paper. The teacher can then use the statements as clues for class names made with crossword puzzle software. TP Surprise Students will know you are full of fun with this one. The teacher welcomes students at the door at the start of class while holding a roll of toilet paper. He or she instructs students to take as many sheets as they need but refusing to explain the purpose. Once the class begins, the teacher asks students to write one interesting thing about themselves on each sheet. When students are finished, they can introduce themselves by reading each sheet of toilet paper. Variation: Students write one thing they hope or expect to learn in the course this year on each sheet. Take a Stand The purpose of this activity is for students to survey their peers positions quickly on various matters. This survey also combines physical movement with topics that range from the serious to the ridiculous. The teacher puts one long line of tape down the center of the room, pushing desks out of the way so that students can stand on either side of the tape. The teacher reads a  statement with either-or answers such as, I prefer night or day, Democrats or Republicans, lizards or snakes. The statements can range from silly trivia to serious content. After hearing each statement, students agreeing with the first response move to one side of the tape and those agreeing with the second, to the other side  of the tape. Undecided or middle-of-the-roaders are allowed to straddle the line of tape. Jigsaw Search Students especially enjoy the search aspect of this activity. The teacher prepares jigsaw puzzle shapes. The shape may be symbolic of a topic or in different colors. These are cut like a jigsaw puzzle with the number of pieces matching the desired group size from two to four. The teacher allows students to select one puzzle piece from a container as they walk into the room. At the designated time, students search the classroom for peers who have puzzle pieces that fit theirs and then team up with those students to perform a task. Some  tasks might be to introduce a partner, to make a poster defining a concept, or to decorate the puzzle pieces and make a mobile. The teacher may have students print their names on both sides of their puzzle piece in order to facilitate name learning during the search activity. The names could be erased or crossed out so the puzzle pieces can be reused. Later, the puzzle pieces can be used as a way to review subject content, for example, by joining an author and his novel, or an element and its properties. Note: If the number of puzzle pieces does not match the number of students in the room, some students will not have a complete group. Leftover puzzle pieces can be placed on a table for students to check to see if their group will be short members.

A Contrast Between the Reapers Are the Angels by Alden Bell and Salems Lot by Stephen King

A Contrast Between the Reapers Are the Angels by Alden Bell and 'Salem's Lot by Stephen King Rationalizing the Supernatural in Horror Novels Stephen King, often declared the greatest and most successful contemporary horror novelist wrote that, â€Å"the great literature of the supernatural often contains the same ‘let’s slow down and look at the accident’ syndrome.† (King, Nightshift xv). This refers to the guilty fascination readers feel as they are captivated by the gruesome details of horror literature. Both Alden Bells’ The Reapers are the Angels and Stephen King’s own ‘salem’s Lot rely on the phenomenon to create an enthralling story. Most people cannot deny that they feel compelled to admire a tragic wreck that is completely out of the ordinary, and this same instinct makes horror literature, like those mentioned, so successful. When in a car wreck, survivors are concerned with their safety and survival and can’t fully take in the details of the situation. Others who drive by, however, tend to slow down and look at the wreck, because they aren’t in danger and have the mental capacity to look at the details of the wreck. They can consider and comprehend the terrifying accident that happened. Similarly, horror novels allow readers to experience the supernatural and the morbid without being overwhelmed by their own fear, but rather they can inspect and approach the supernatural and morbid rationally. Alden Bell’s novel, The Reapers are the Angels takes place in a world of morbidity. Temple fights for survival in a world that has been mostly taken over by the undead, where â€Å"slugs† or â€Å"meatskins† are hungry for human flesh. She encounters fellow humans, some who help her and some who are enemies, as she moves nomadically throughout the United States. She is distant from characters and rejects living in one home, after the death of her younger brother, Malcolm, who she felt she was solely responsible for. Her world involves constant running and fighting, displaying constant fearlessness as most readers would not survive a day among the undead. Morbid images, involving human flesh, blood and carcasses are a reality for Temple. There are many parts of the horror novel that go into great detail of how a human body is torn apart, something that an ordinary person would never see or experience. One example of this is when part of Temple’s pinky finge r is chopped off, and she is fixing it up again. â€Å"It’s gone just above the first knuckle, a clean cut through the bone that shows as a yellow twig poking through at the end. She uses her other hand to draw the skin up over the end of the bone and pinch it shut like a foreskin†¦ now just run a thread through there a few times and tie it off. It’ll be okay.† (Bell, The Reapers are the Angels Ch. 4) This is situation is really out of the ordinary for most readers, who most likely wouldn’t be able to thread half their finger closed without getting sick. However, Temple’s tone makes this seem like a very normal occurrence. This tone is also expressed when she kills Abraham Todd, thinking, â€Å"Why do the livin and dyin always have to be just half an inch apart? She goes to the desk and takes a ballpoint pen from the drawer and puts the tip of it in his nostril and drives it upward sharp and hard with the heel of her hand to keep him from com ing back.† (Bell, The Reapers are the Angels Ch. 3) Most people aren’t murderers and would be extremely shocked in such a situation; probably too shocked to recount memories or make snarky remarks. Throughout the book, Temple is constantly facing dead bodies and other extremely morbid things, which she describes in great detail to readers. Her responses and feelings during these situations are rational and calm, or at least calmer that any regular person would react. She describes horrifying situations with great detail so that readers can understand and experience the situation; neither Temple nor the reader is too overwhelmed by fear to comprehend the situation of fear. Rather, readers are fascinated by the situation, as Stephen King suggests we do in his forward to Nightshift. ‘salem’s Lot exemplifies the author’s own claim about horror novels. Ben Mears, the main character of the horror novel, is an author staying in his childhood town to research for his new novel. During his stay he makes some friends and attempts to protect the people of the town as they transform into vampires. Without success, he leaves with the one other survivor, leaving the town empty of living humans. The detailed explanations that King uses to describe the morbid occurrences of the story create a novel that captivates readers. One of these occurrences was when Ben staked the vampire of Susan, his girlfriend. â€Å"Death had not put its mark on her. Her face was blushed with color, and her lips, innocent of make-up, were a deep and glowing read. Her forehead was pale but flawless, the skin like cream. Her eyes were closed, and the dark lashes lay snootily against her cheeks†¦ Yet the total impression was not of angelic loveliness but a cold, disconnected beauty.† (King, ‘Salem’s Lot Ch. 14 Pt. 15) The undead are monsters that we expect to appear frightening, but we don’t understand why we would feel frightened by them, until an author like King describes the beauty of a vampire like Susan and we understand why we feel uneasy. Further in the chapter, as Ben is staking her body, â€Å"blood gushed upward from the stake’s point of entry in a bright and astonishing flood, splashing his hands, his shirt, his cheeks. In an instant the cellar was filled with its hot, coppery odor.† This description is fascinating to readers, because in the situation we would not be able to comprehend what was happening, as we would be overwhelmed by fear. When we read about this shocking scene of the story, we experience it without fear distracting us from the details. Readers can slow down the situation and inspect the details of it, similar to how one would slow down to stare at a car wreck. The style and structure of the book itself is filled with extraordinary detail, even though the conclusion of the story is an empty town void of humans. The novel cycles through several different characters’ viewpoints and storylines. When looking at the storyline, many of the details and additional characters would not have actually been necessary in reaching the same conclusion. For example, the story of Dud Rogers, who lived by and maintained the Jerusalem’s Lot’s Town Dump, was described in painful detail. It described his introverted personality, his appreciation of setting the dump on fire, his angry thoughts and his habit of shooting rats (King, ‘Salem’s Lot Ch. 3 Pt. 10). References and connections between Dud and other community members were very rare and insignificant, and his fate was death and rising as a vampire like all the other people of the town, posing the question of whether his role in the book was important. Although it seems rea lly distracting when following the story line, especially because he is only one of many minor characters that each carry their own complicated story and personality, he played a role in the overall effect of the story, along with all of these minor characters. ‘Salem’s Lot is not a story of some individual vampires or even the horrific death of a group of innocent people, but rather how an entire town died. The detail given to characters like Dud contribute to formation of the town. They are important in making readers realize that this is not Ben Mears and his friends’ story, but the story of ‘Salem’s Lot. The detail also contributes to King’s â€Å"slow down and look at the accident† syndrome. With this full understanding of the community, readers can also better comprehend the death of the town. Something so morbid and horrific as the fall of a town to vampires is really irrational and incomprehensible to people, because it is extre mely out of the ordinary and in this case isn’t truly possible. The detail that King’s novel features creates an understandable explanation for this town’s unexplainable and terrifying status, and this is what captures readers. In his forward, King explains why appealing to this obsession with morbidity is effective in attracting readers. Most of our fears are irrational, or the way we approach them is irrational. We know that vampires, zombies and the supernatural do not exist, but we are afraid of them nonetheless. The forward uses an example that most people can relate to; we make sure our entire body is under the covers when we are in bed, in fear of a cold hand reaching out from under the bed, and where this hand may drag us. We can’t comprehend this fear because we feel it despite knowing it is irrational. However, horror novels, like those mentioned, approach these fears in a very rational way, as exemplified by both The Reapers are the Angels and ‘salem’s Lot. The rational descriptions and approaches to supernatural horrors in some horror literature interest readers, because they can finally achieve comprehension of their irrationality. This is fascinating to readers not because they are fascinated by morbidity, death and the supernatural, but because they can understand fears that were previously beyond their understanding. These horror novels are an opportunity for readers to slow down and think about supernatural horrors rationally without being under the influence of their own fear.

The Case of the Performance Appraisal Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The of the Performance Appraisal - Case Study Example At the very beginning of the hiring process, discrimination maybe avoided through adequate training of individuals involved in the selection process on age discrimination laws and regulation, creation of a well-structured criterion that is not biased heavily towards younger applicants. Like all problems revolving around the workforce, age discrimination is also an issue that is best handled as early as it occurs. A strong commitment by the management and a proactive attitude towards the elimination of this problem is essential. This involves a careful review of job descriptions to analyze the scope of responsibilities at each position and ensuring the existence of a good compensation system. Additionally a clear and transparent performance appraisal system is necessary in communicating a just and fair management that bases its decisions for layoffs on performance indicators as opposed to controversial factors such as age.(Jenny Cromie, 2008). Experts propound that decisions that are based on â€Å"the position and not the person† are less likely to be received as discriminatory by the workforce (Jenny Cromie, 2008). In a study on age discrimination in stimulated employment settings it was found that older people are less likely to be rated favorably in the absence of job relevant information (Finkelstein, Burke & Raju 1995) In order to discourage discrimination by coworkers, managers must ensure the clear communication of company policy on age discrimination highlighting its commitment to providing equal opportunities and maintaining a fair approach towards the entire workforce. Section III An increasing number of employees are covered by the Age Discrimination and Employment Act (ADEA) which overs employees over 40 years of age. Such laws in addition to a relatively sluggish world economy has contributed to a large number of older workers preferring to stay in their jobs for longer than some employers may expect (Jenny Cromie, 2008). Under such conditio ns it is not uncommon that corporations are often drawn into lengthy lawsuits by laid off employees in addition to facing the lack of morale in the workers that remain. It is therefore useful to consider alternative options that allow organizations to retain their elderly workers without experiencing an increase in costs. A mutually beneficial arrangement in the form of ‘Job Sharing’ appears as a useful tool for employers who wish to retain older employees. This could effectively make it possible for the business to make part time work available and hence attract applicants while still retaining the full time coverage of a job. The combination of different perspectives and experiences on the same job can be fruitful in generating new and creative ideas and speedy problem solving techniques. Encouraging professional development of the work force in general and ensuring adequate training of older employees as newer systems are adopted can also help in reducing the gap bet ween

Constructivism and Post-Structuralism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Constructivism and Post-Structuralism - Essay Example Constructivism's 'importance and its added value for the study of International Relations lie mainly in its emphasis on the ontological reality of intersubjective knowledge and on the epistemological and methodological implications of this reality'. He devotes an entire section to elucidating intersubjectivity as collectively shared knowledge which both empowers and constrains actors and also defines social reality. The upshot of Adler's portrayal of constructivism is, as the title of his article suggests, that it has a justifiable claim to the 'middle ground', which he construes as situated between rationalism and poststructuralism. Adler identifies 'seizing the middle ground' as the key to the constructivist project. This assessment is echoed by other scholars. Hopf sees constructivism as situated in the middle ground between rational choice theory and postmodernism, whilst Ted Hopf locates it between the mainstream and critical theory. Thus in defining constructivism scholars make reference to recognising the material world as existing independently of, but interacting with, the social world, the central role of intersubjectivity and the significance of occupying a middle-ground position. Wendt's positioning in the middle ground, related to a particular notion of identity; Kratochwil's reliance on an unproblematic intersubjectivity, based on normative context; and Onuf's claim to an independently existing material world behind our constructions. The acknowledgement of materiality appear to be crucial.... (Katzenstein, 1998, 645-85) This takes us on to a second key element of constructivism, namely intersubjectivity. (Guzzini, 2000, 147-82). According to Adler, constructivism's 'importance and its added value for the study of International Relations lie mainly in its emphasis on the ontological reality of intersubjective knowledge and on the epistemological and methodological implications of this reality'. (Adler, 1997, 319-63) He devotes an entire section to elucidating intersubjectivity as collectively shared knowledge which both empowers and constrains actors and also defines social reality. (Adler, 1997, 319-63) The upshot of Adler's portrayal of constructivism is, as the title of his article suggests, that it has a justifiable claim to the 'middle ground', which he construes as situated between rationalism and poststructuralism. (Adler, 1997, 319-63)Adler identifies 'seizing the middle ground' as the key to the constructivist project. This assessment is echoed by other scholars. Hopf sees constructivism as situated in the middle ground between rational choice theory and postmodernism, whilst Ted Hopf locates it betw een the mainstream and critical theory. (Hopf, 1998, 171-200) Thus in defining constructivism scholars make reference to recognising the material world as existing independently of, but interacting with, the social world, the central role of intersubjectivity and the significance of occupying a middle-ground position. Wendt's positioning in the middle ground, related to a particular notion of identity; Kratochwil's reliance on an unproblematic intersubjectivity, based on normative context; and Onuf's claim to an independently existing material world behind our constructions. (Onuf, 1989, 45-50) The acknowledgement

High School vs. College Essay Example for Free

High School vs. College Essay Stepping stones are like the baby steps into something greater, like high school and college. In high school, everyone says to focus yourself more into, because high school is the place to gain the knowledge that is nearly identical to the â€Å"actual world†. College, on the other hand, is when both the teachers and students can both relate to how the real world would function. So high school is the part of the baby steps that reach into college and as well as the real world. Although high school and college reading and writing become different, they also have some similarities, but in the end they’re both really important to everything that happens in people’s everyday lives. In my four years of being in high school English, I can say that it’s already really different from college. The reading in high school was always given and there were times that it included self-reading, but it was because we were given questions to answer. Other times, it was because we had to do journals on each chapter of the book; main idea, summaries, character changes, etc. Overall, it was really easy, because the teachers would do at least half of the work for you and then you would be given the rest as homework, as long as you don’t procrastinate. Being a freshman is college, it’s scary, because you hear stories from people saying how easy or hard it is being in college. There’s more self-reading that has to be done and during that time, you also have the process of taking notes and writing small responses when needed to on your own. It’s all about the independency and responsibility that any adult would have when entering through college. As much as I love the subject English, I was never a huge fan of writing, whether I’m in high school or college. The writing processes that happened in high school were usually the same. We would read something that the teacher had given to us, take notes, and from those notes, we would have had to write some form of paper or short response. All the information about the book and paper were given to us, made it that much easier to know what to write about and what the paper was required to have by the teacher. College is a whole new environment for those who are entering and sometimes it can take a while to get acquainted with everything. College is one of those things. The writing in college is very different, because the professors want something to be originally different form each student, rather than having to read all the class articles and they all end up sounding the same. Everything is different, because the formats that we have always stuck to throughout elementary and improved during high school is almost not needed in college. All those five paragraph essays won’t even be considered as an essay anymore, but if there are more paragraphs and as long as the topic is straight through, then that’s an essay. Reading and writing are really important things to be learned, because that’s basically what the whole world consists of; letters and words and paragraphs. You can’t learn how to write if you don’t how to read or else you wouldn’t know the meaning of those words and the sentence itself. The same concept goes for reading. Be glad that you know how to do both of these things, because some people aren’t as fortunate as we are. Where they come from, education is given differently, which doesn’t allow â€Å"everyone† to be able to have the same education as others. This is also another reason why some families travel to a country so that their children can have a better future than the parents or their families have had before them. This allows the not only the children new expectations, but also gives the families some new experiences as they travel through this journey. Writing and reading are two very important skills that are called Communication. For example, my major is Philosophy – Pre law. In pre-law it’s all about the debates and knowing how to communicate. Without these two main factors, then you wouldn’t be able to converse with others and be able to exchange ideas, because then how would you be able to learn and increase your knowledge to be able to win the debates? This is the main reason of why reading and writing are very important to all of us. Everyone has heard other people tell them that you must always prepare yourself when entering into the â€Å"real world†. Where we are at right now, whether it be high school or college, are considered as baby steps into reaching new experiences. First, there is high school, where we go to school and we gain more knowledge that is nearly identical to what we would be experiencing soon in the future. Then onto the next stepping stone, college, where it is the place that we can actually apply all those abilities that we learned before and into a place that the world would function similarly. So all in the end, it’s really important and maybe even critical that we all learn and know how to read and write since the entire world in made of mainly these two main factors.

Sigmund Freuds Influence upon Salvador Dali Essay -- Art Analysis

The beginning of the twentieth century was a fascinating time for modern man. Artists, musicians, novelists, inventors, and scientists were reveling on new ways of experiencing life. The shadows of the past and the dawn of the new era opened the minds of many who relished constant change. Science and medicine were evolving, and one man in particular sought to expand knowledge and understanding. Sigmund Freud, the most renowned, thought provoking psychologist to have ever lived, opened an exciting chapter in the study of the mind. Without a doubt, Freud had influenced, and inspired artists searching for something new. The world of psychology and art were interweaving and promising a bold new path. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) studied medicine, science, and philosophy as an introduction to the study of the human mind. Freud desired to have a thorough understanding of the inner workings of the conscious and subconscious condition. It was noted, â€Å"Sigmund would become thoroughly absorbed in his research, so much so†¦he couldn’t stop wanting to study†. (Masson, The Life of Simund Freud) He graduated high school in 1873, and received a doctorate degree in 1881. Freud was enamored with all specialties of science, and conducted research and experiments with notable scientists of the late nineteenth century. Freud’s first foray into psychiatric medicine was in 1883 studying neuropathy. Soon afterwards, he studied hypnosis. Freud’s enthusiasm to decipher the mysteries within the mind was unmatched, and psychology was being rejuvenated. Known today as the founder of psychoanalysis, Freud wrote a monumental and highly criticized book, The Interpretation of Dreams. Started eight years prior to its publication in 1900, the study was part autob... ...was exponentially successful at painting the mind Freud intellectualized. Works Cited Bradbury, Kirsten. Essential Dali. Bath: Parragon, 2000. —. Essential Dali. Bath: Parragon, 2000. Freud, Sigmund. Beyond the Pleasure Principle. New York: Norton, 1989. Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff. "The Life of Sigmund Freud." Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams, The Illustrated Edition. New York: Sterling, 2010. 168. Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff. "The Life of Simund Freud." Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams, The Illustrated Edition. New York: Sterling, 2010. 65. Robert Descharnes, Gilles Neret. "Art of the 20th Century: Salvador Dali." n.d. A World History of Art. 21 4 2012 . Wood, Dr. Jonathan. "Introduction: The Essential Dali." Bradbury, Kirsten. The Essential Dali. Bath: Parragon, 2000. 11.

Air Pollution Essay 24

What are the effects and sources of air pollution Assignment III Rachita Mittal Western International University SCI 270 Mrs. Saudamani Sharma Introduction Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment, into the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. History Humans probably first experienced harm from air pollution when they built fires in poorly ventilated caves. Since then we have gone on to pollute more of the earth's surface. Until recently, environmental pollution problems have been local and minor because of the Earth's own ability to absorb and purify minor quantities of pollutants. The industrialization of society, the introduction of motorized vehicles, and the explosion of the population, are factors contributing toward the growing air pollution problem. At this time it is urgent that we find methods to clean up the air. The primary air pollutants found in most urban areas are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter (both solid and liquid). These pollutants are dispersed throughout the world's atmosphere in concentrations high enough to gradually cause serious health problems. Serious health problems can occur quickly when air pollutants are concentrated, such as when massive injections of sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate matter are emitted by a large volcanic eruption. Air Pollution in the Home You cannot escape air pollution, not even in your own home. â€Å"In 1985 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported that toxic chemicals found in the air of almost every American home are three times more likely to cause some type of cancer than outdoor air pollutants†. (Miller 488) The health problems in these buildings are called â€Å"sick building syndrome†. â€Å"An estimated one-fifth to one-third of all U. S. buildings are now considered â€Å"sick†. (Miller 489) The EPA has found that the air in some office buildings is 100 times more polluted than the air outside. Poor ventilation causes about half of the indoor air pollution problems. The rest come from specific sources such as copying machines, electrical and telephone cables, mold and microbe-harboring air conditioning systems and ducts, cleaning fluids, cigarette smoke, carpet, latex caulk and paint, vinyl molding, linoleum tile, and building materials and furniture that emit air pollutants such as formaldehyde. A major indoor air pollutant is radon-222, a colorless, odorless, tasteless, naturally occurring radioactive gas produced by the radioactive decay of uranium-238. According to studies by the EPA and the National Research Council, exposure to radon is second only to smoking as a cause of lung cancer†. (Miller 489)   Radon enters through pores and cracks in concrete when indoor air pressure is less than the pressure of gasses in the soil. Indoor air will be healthier than outdoor air if you use an energy recovery ventilator to provide a consistent supply of fresh filtered air and then seal air leaks in the shell of your home. Air pollution has unhealthy effects on people, animals and plant-life across the globe. Every time we inhale, we carry dangerous air pollutants into our bodies. These pollutants can cause short-term effects such as eye and throat irritation. More alarming, however, are the long-term effects such as cancer and damage to the body's immune, neurological, reproductive and respiratory systems. Acid Rain is a significant air pollution problem that affects rural, suburban and urban areas that are down-wind of major industrial areas. Acid rain is caused when sulfur and nitrogen pollution from industrial smokestacks is combined with moisture in the atmosphere. The resulting rain is acidic which destroys natural ecosystems ands buildings. Global Warming, as pollution gathers in the Earth's atmosphere, it traps heat and causes average temperatures to rise. It is hard to predict exactly how climate change will affect a particular area. Here are a few likely results: †¢ A rise in sea level between 3. 5 and 34. 6 in. 9-88cm) leading to more coastal erosion, flooding during storms and permanent inundation †¢ Severe stress on many forests, wetlands, alpine regions, and other natural ecosystems †¢ Greater threats to human health as mosquitoes and other disease-carrying insects and rodents spread diseases over larger geographical regions †¢ Disruption of agriculture in some parts of the world due to increased temperature, water stress and sea-level rise in low-lying areas such as Bangladesh or the Missi ssippi River delta. Sources and health effects of air pollution | |Pollutants |Sources |Health Effects | |Nitrogen dioxide |All combustion processes (for example road vehicles |General irritation to airways including increased | | |and domestic heating) produce oxides of nitrogen (NOx)|chance of respiratory infection and impaired lung | | |which particularly in the presence of ozone is |function. | |converted into nitrogen dioxide. | | |Primary |Road traffic (for example diesel engines, brake and |Respiratory and cardiovascular problems. Concerns | |Particulates |tyre wear); industrial sources (for example power |about long-term effects. | | |stations). | | |Secondary |Formed through the oxidation (presence of ozone) of |Respiratory and cardiovascular problems. Concerns | |Particulates (e. g. |particular gases (for example sulphur dioxide, |about long-term effects. | |sulphates, nitrates) |nitrogen dioxide) in the atmosphere condensing to form| | | |fine particles. | | |Carbon monoxide |Road transport and industry (all combustion of carbon |Reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of blood and at | | |based fuels). low levels reduces concentration and at higher levels| | | |causes headaches, nausea, dizziness. At very high | | | |levels it can lead to death. | |Sulphur dioxide |Combustion of fossil fuels (mainly coal and heavy |Causes breathing difficulties, and irritation of the | | |oils). |eyes, nose, throat and lungs. People suffering from | | | |asthma are particularly susceptible. | |Lead |Petrol and industry (such as smelting, and paint |Can effect the intellectual development of children, | | |works). |and at very high doses poisoning, brain and organ | | | |damage can occur. | |Benzene |Combustion and distribution of petrol. |Exposure over a long time can lead to cancer. |1, 3 Butadiene |Combustion of petrol and diesel, and the production of|Exposure over a long time can lead to cancer. | | |rubber for tyres. | | |Ozone |Ozone is a photochemical pollutant which means it is |Exposure can cause an irritant effect on the lungs, | | |primarily formed by the reactions of other pollutants |airway inflammation and short term respiratory | | |such as nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight. |symptoms. |

Integrity in to Kill a Mockingbird Essay

Integrity is having a standard of morals and ethics, and living by them. It is a willingness and ability to do the right thing even when it is hard. The story To Kill a Mockingbird is filled with integrity. For example, many of the people in Maycomb share a prejudiced sense of integrity when it comes to its racist views. However, it is Atticus Finch’s integrity throughout the novel that really embodies the idea of moral and ethical principles. He puts into action every moral idea that he supports. Atticus is a role model to not only his children, but to the whole town of Maycomb, and his integrity is a great part of what makes him such a good example. Integrity breeds integrity. Harper Lee is suggesting that integrity within ourselves helps others to have integrity. Atticus brought up Jem and Scout by example. His show of integrity instilled within his children their own sense of integrity. Both Jem and Scout are exposed to experiences throughout the novel their shape their perception of right and wrong. For example, Atticus took up the case of Tom Robinson not only because he had to, but because he was fighting for an innocent life against injustice and racial prejudice. His display of integrity in Tom Robinson’s case was reflected onto his children. They soon came to know their father as a hero full of moral courage, and did their best to do him right in their own ways. Though they could have fought against their peers insults against them and Atticus, they showed adversity by not reciprocating. â€Å"As it was, we were compelled to hold our heads high and be, respectively, a gentlemen and a lady.†(Lee, pg. 247) Furthermore, Scout shows integrity through her wisdom and compassion that goes beyond her years. Atticus is a strong role model to his children with his strong sense of integrity, and Scout and Jem develop their own integrity throughout To Kill a Mockingbird with his lead. Atticus’s integrity extends not only to his family, but to the whole community of Maycomb. The community of Maycomb was heartedly against Atticus defending Tom Robinson, a black man. Yet, once again, Atticus’s integrity shines through as he stands strong through the adversity. During the trial, Atticus speaks firmly of the truth, and forces Maycomb to examine their conception of race and the equality of man. As Christians, they know that all men were equal. As Atticus finishes his speech, he says â€Å"In the name of god, believe him [Tom Robinson]† (Lee, Pg. 209). In saying this, he is reminding the jury of this integrity they are supposed to uphold. Though Maycomb convicted Tom Robinson, as Miss Maudie said â€Å"We’re making a step-it’s just a baby-step, but it’s a step.† (Lee, Pg.220) She is referring to the fact that Atticus had been able to force the jury to examine their views of race, as they were kept out so long. In this way, Atticus’s integrity got to every person of Maycomb. Another example is when Reverend Sykes says to Scout â€Å"Miss Jean Louise, stand up, your father’s passin’.†(Lee, Pg 215) Reverend Sykes is demonstrating his respect for Atticus by telling Scout to show the same respect. Atticus’s integrity had a strong impact on the black community of Maycomb, and they demonstrated a great deal of their own integrity because of him. Atticus’s integrity reflects onto all of Maycomb county’s citizens. Today’s society can easily relate to the pressures on the individual’s and community’s integrity that is found in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird. Every day peer pressure instils within us the desire to be bigger and better than what we are. The media, how other’s view us, and the pressure put on us by others will all test our integrity on a daily basis. Atticus and his children both had to deal with the adversity against them because of the communities differences in opinion. They kept their integrity through it all with Jem and scout having their father’s moral advice and support to help them. Though many succumb to the pressures put on us, there are also many Atticus’s out there that have a moral and ethical conscience backing them up. They become a role model that breeds integrity through their moral practices. â€Å"Before I can live with other folks I’ve got to live with myself. The one thing that doesn’t abide by majority rule is a person’s conscience.† (Lee, pg.108) To conclude, Atticus is a strong moral figure in the book To Kill a Mockingbird that demonstrates the quality of integrity to the fullest. His integrity helps others to have integrity. To explain, Atticus instils a strong sense of integrity within his children by teaching them by example. Furthermore, his example of integrity also extends to the community of Maycomb, as Atticus forces them to reflect upon their prejudiced racial views. We ourselves are every day tested with our own integrity, and the Atticus’s of the world and in ourselves can help strengthen our moral values. All in all, Integrity within ourselves helps others to have integrity.

The needs of people and the needs of the environment

The needs of people and the needs of the environment The central question that these readings pose is how the needs of people can be reconciled with the needs of the environment. Although, human beings are a part of this environment, we have an enormous amount of influence on nature.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The needs of people and the needs of the environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In many cases, this influence is not beneficial. This is why the authors of these articles urge readers to think about long-term effects of human activities on the planet. More importantly, people have to understand that their welfare is dependent on sustainable environment. Therefore, its protection has to be one of their top priorities. These are the main ideas that have to be discussed and critiqued. One of the concepts that appealed to me is the anthropocene. Generally, it is used to refer to the epoch in which the footprint of human race has become very clear and massi ve. Overall, this term appears to be quite appropriate because human beings did change the surface of the planet within the last three centuries, especially since the time of Industrial Revolution. The main problem is that people’s environmental impact adversely affected many species, water, and air. People often have an anthropo-centric view of the planet, and it is difficult for them to acknowledge that their survival may depend on the bio-physical environment. In my opinion, educators have to change people’s views on this problem, because the protection of environment greatly depends on individual effort. Furthermore, these articles show that the adoption of eco-friendly technologies is not a luxury, but a necessity for every country. Thus, governments should adopt different policies on this problem.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Yet, there is another issue that has been raised by the authors. They refer to the so-called mass extinction events. It is believed that in the past these events were caused by unavoidable factors such as climate change. The key issue is that human activities can be the cause of a mass-extinction event, but many people may not realize it. Certainly, it is possible to argue some of these concerns can be exaggerated, but there are some signs or markers of such events, for instance, the increasing rate of species extinction or the deterioration of coral reefs. Furthermore, one can mention such problems as soil erosion, overfishing, industrial wastes, and so forth. Unless these problems are not addressed, humankind can trigger a true mass-extinction event. This is why many researchers advocate the idea of biodiversity. One of the most important tasks is to promote the variations in ecosystem because in this way ecosystems can be made more sustainable. If people continue to turn a blind eye to the pos sibility of such an event, its probability will dramatically increase. This is why I agree with various authors who try to raise people’s awareness about different environmental problems. Some of the ideas discussed in these articles have been familiar to me. Nevertheless, these readings have prompted me to take a broader look at the role of human beings. On the whole, these articles call for a change in the mindset. They urge people to acknowledge that economic, social and political sustainability is impossible if the needs of the environment will be overlooked. Certainly, it is necessary to cope with specific environmental problems such as water pollution. Yet, at first, people have to see that they are a part of nature, rather than their masters.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The needs of people and the needs of the environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Project Management for Information Systems Essay

Project Management for Information Systems - Essay Example This problem can be fixed through building several core load images which use a similar template for all computers in the environment. For instance, if this template uses windows 7, then it can support all other computers connected to this server. The language used may also be easy to support and the advantage of this is that licensing is easier to handle. For instance, Microsoft has this core image where one large license is used. Therefore, it is cheaper to buy an MSDN-package which is comprised of the core application. Each department should have its core application. 14 5.4Benefits of Cloud Computing(SAAS) 14 Selection of location 15 Locations can be selected freely and this helps to minimize overhead expenses. 15 Use of device 15 Cloud computing services can accessed from any devise such as computer or phone (http://www.cloudtweaks.com/2012/08/advantages-of-cloud-computing/) 15 6.Management Summary (250 word) 15 1. Introduction This report seeks to evaluate the processes involve d in implementing a standard software development methodology in an engineering company in order to streamline its project management and software development so that they become standardised. This report is comprised of four parts which include the following: the first part outlines and evaluates how Prince2 project management methodology can be implemented in managing such a project that is related to software development methodology, the second part deals with estimated set up costs of the standardisation project. The third part outlines the benefits of adopting a standard software development methodology and it outlines the benefits of replacing a mix environment of PCs, operating systems and applications with a standard PC hardware build which incorporates the same operating system. The last part summarises the findings of the project which will be used as the basis for decision making. 2. Project Management Report This section describes PRINCE2 methodology in order to meet the requirements of the directors who have underscored to implement a standard project management methodology for the whole company. Basically, PRINCE2 methodology is meant to incorporate different types of projects and it is a widely used tool in project management (Cradle & Yeats, 2004). 2.1 Project in Controlled Environments According to Prince2 official website (2012), Prince2 is a process based method for effective project management in controlled environments and it is mainly recommended by the UK government in carrying out major projects. Basically, it outlines the internal processes of the organization and the tasks to meet each process are clearly defined. The project is divided into smaller components that are easy to manage and control. 2.2 PRINCE2 organisation structure In order to implement the standard software development methodology in this company, the following structure is advocated. 2.3 Project Board The project board is responsible for authorising the project as we ll as all other activities that should be executed. The board has the role of approving the budget as well as to ensure that quality is guaranteed in the

Facebook Growth, Challenges And Milestones Essay

Facebook Growth, Challenges And Milestones - Essay Example More users are signed each day. Despite of the great achievement, the company is facing stiff challenges such as competition by the micro blogging service â€Å"Twitter†, managing the needs and expectations of young, tech savvy adopters who need more open social interactions, maintaining the old users who require limited and selective social realms and the radical changes on the user’s home pages. The face book quest to become the leading social interaction website and an essential business and personal networking tool for all who are connected is being hampered by massive challenges such as competition from rival firms, privacy issues, lawsuits as well as need to provide better interaction services while still maintaining its credibility. This paper discuses the contradicting opinions aired by the users and members against those of the face book management and executive arm. The main emphasis of the paper are the recent radical changes in face book home page that has d rawn contradicting views from its 200 million users. After a detailed review of the article the reader generates conclusive decisions that can be adopted by the company. Rhetorical analysis The main purpose of the article is to expose the many challenges faced by Facebook in spite of there success. The author stipulates that, even though Facebook registrations have grown massively, there is no time for celebration due to the challenges faced by the firm and the milestone achievement expected by the executive arm of the corporation. The author illustrates how the recent changes in Face book home pages have seriously devastated customers especially those who prefer limiting their friends and privacy. By collecting materials and information from the company's executives and the general public as well as reviewing published work concerning the new WebPages, the author seeks to enlighten the general public about the shortfalls of Face book as well as exposing the management inconsiderate view to customer's complaints. To analyze the current quagmire facing the company, the author relies on speeches made by the management, photos, messages from Facebook company to show its importance as a socializing ecosystem site as well as critic its current unconcern and inconsiderate nature towards it customers who aren't comfortable with new interaction methods. The author also evaluates speeches, articles and messages written and posted by the members with a view of gaining imperative information about the problem. The author also provides statistical evidence to prove that the company expansion theorem without considering the needs and complains of the people is un-justified and un-achievable. According to the writer's perspectives, there are two main views expressed by the author. The executive's views, who feel that they have the dream of the company at hand and will do anything to propel the company forward and the Facebook users who feel that they have a right to democracy and they can propose what they like. On the management side, their main aim is to promote more socialism on the Webpage's and enhance interactions. According to the executives, strategizing to get more customers, attracting the young tech-savvy members, enhancing interaction and socialization, enforcing rules and regulation, allowing web pages to update immediately without refreshing the page, getting more clients, promoting advertisement on their site to earn more profits are their main aim. As Zuckerberg states, it is possible for a prime minister to get in touch with school teachers. This is right in some way as the company has to look