Feudalism And Feudal States From Europe After The Breakup...

Name: Jessica-Anne Knupp Date: 10/04/2014 Class: HS111 World CIV How did feudalism and feudal states come to be formed in Europe after the breakup of the Carolingian empire? Feudalism is the word used to describe a complex set of relationships which appeared following the reign of Charlemagne. I came to find that basically there isn’t a book to tell you exactly about feudalism, no rule book or handbook. Because of this feudalism is sometimes difficult to describe and just as difficult to understand, I had problems understanding the topic myself. I actually found myself having to think harder and require more resources spending multiple hours just researching on the matter just to understand the system as much as possible and its apparently nonexistent rules. On top of that, also attempting to learn how feudalism first started and why of its popularity for many years. As I continued to gather information, I noticed the difficulty of finding just how and where feudalism made its first appearance. It was rare I would find two credible sources with the same historical dating for feudalism. Feudalism was the term officially used by historians to describe the type of government institutions, as well as the general social and political relationships, that existed at that period among warrior-landholders in much of Europe, what we know today as the Middle Ages. Feudalism, a few years later after its birth, it began defined as a contract under which military service was given in

Physics Lab Report Impulse - 1163 Words

Impulse and Momentum Lab Part I: As the first lab of the Physics 2 curriculum, our class completed a lab experiment that introduced us students to a new concept that would be a foundation to the future topics that we learn in this class. In this lab activity, we used a lab cart on a flat track to compare the collision of the cart with a force sensor with and without the plunger during different trials. The materials that we would need for this activity are a lab cart on a flat track, a timer, a force sensor, and a Ti-Nspire Calculator. The Ti-Nspire Calculator was connected to the force sensor in order to track and create data that would be shown in graphs on the calculator. Because we had to compare the collision of the cart with†¦show more content†¦In conclusion, there were many differences between the calculations found between the trials with and without the plungers of the lab cart. The key differences were the differences between duration of impact, average force, and impulse of both trials. Part II: As a follow-up lab activity to Part I, we completed a lab in which was to compare the impulse applied to the cart and the change of momentum of the cart. Our goal was to support with Impulse-Momentum Theory with the results that we collected. To begin, we would need a few additional materials to conduct this lab activity. This lab required the use of both the CBR motion sensor as well as the force censor to record the position of the cart as well as the force of the cart once it collides with the force sensor. In order to use both of these sensors simultaneously, Mr. Patterson introduced a new technology and it was named â€Å"lab cradle,† which in basic terms, was a multi-channeled data collector with multiple USB ports, and allowed for the connection of more than one sensor. Once these materials were plugged in and ready to use, we began to run trials by pushing the lab cart across a flat track and starting the sensors at the same time to record data. After running a few trials to obtain decent data, the Ti-Nspire showed two graphs that were Force (N) vs. Time (s) and Position vs. TimeShow MoreRelatedEgg Drop1366 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: Egg Drop Lab Report Egg Drop Lab Report Jon Johnson Rochester Area High School Egg Drop Lab Report Introduction The objective of this project was to create a structure that will protect a raw egg and prevent it from breaking when being dropped from a minimum height of two meters. A decent hypothesis or prediction one could develop before any experimental trials would be as follows. 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The extent to which security is a necessary precondition for development Free Essays

string(56) " region does not directly denote lower violence levels\." Introduction In order to have a better understanding of the role that is played by security in national or global progress, it is vital to first provide an in-depth definition of the term security. There are different definitions of that are used in literature. For instance, Spear and Williams (2012, p. We will write a custom essay sample on The extent to which security is a necessary precondition for development or any similar topic only for you Order Now 7) argue that security is not only the capability of a nation to offer protection of its external and internal values and resources from threats. It also encompasses the manner in which countries plan, implement and evaluate their strategies, issues and policies so as to increase their all-round stability while at the same time reducing their vulnerability levels to threats. Norman (2010, p.299) also defines security as a combination of all components that assure citizens that their property and lives are safe. For countries and the globe at large to prosper, security is among the most vital preconditions (Dobbins, 2009, p.1). In this regard, this paper intends to critically analyze the extent to which security is a prerequisite for development. Whereas it agrees that indeed, security is required for development to take root, some arguments against this statement are also presented. The Role played by Security in Development There is a wide scope over which security or insecurity can be explained. One of these refers to the peace and cohesion among people. Regions that are characterized by peace and minimal conflicts are regarded to as having security (Colletta et al., 2001, p.439). On the contrary, regions without peace are referred to as being insecure because existent tensions often result in violence or war as a result of the inherent differences. Security also refers to how prepared a nation is to defend its citizens from threats that may be either internal or external. This often refers to how well the defence forces or police forces are equipped (Bandyopadhyay Sandler, 2011, p.552). In this context, insecurity is often characterized by high frequencies of terrorism attacks and armed violence. Security also refers to how effectively public resources are managed to serve the interests of all its citizens (Okubo Shelley, 2010, p.136). In many cases, this form of security can be breached by the exis tence of corruption among some government officials or the political elite. Ensuring an all-round security might be challenging, but it facilitates the attainment of development goals that have been set to be achieved. Security is regarded as both a crucial aspect of, and a precondition for development. In situations that are characterized by high insecurity levels, development becomes more difficult to attain (Dobbins, 2009, p.1). Instead, there are failures in economic growth with affected countries registering negative growth. Social cohesion and integration among communities is also adversely affected, and may further lead to other disasters like war, food shortages, and other humanitarian crises. Such scenarios have existed in the past, and continue to exist across the globe in countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo (Grenfell James, 2008, p.4). Even with the democratic republic of Congo being endowed with numerous natural resources and a good climate for Agriculture, war and insecurity have stunted its development. It is currently featured on the UN’s list of the 48 least developed nations (UNCTAD, 2013). Even in nations that are regarded as being comparatively peaceful, incid ents of insecurity have a direct impact on their development. Any form of crime can be referred to as a security threat. These also include corruption and nepotism, which impose heavy burdens on taxpayers, adversely affecting the economic and political development of a nation. However, one of the issues that can be pointed out about the UNCTAD report is the fact that most of its data focuses on developing countries. Even though it is apparent that developing countries are the most prone to crime and insecurity and crime, it also affects developed nations. For instance, the United States has 14,612 annual homicide cases per 100,000 people (UNODC, 2012). Development can also be hampered by the simple fact that there are inefficient security structures in place (Dobbins, 2009, p.1). Therefore, it is vital for governments to ensure that their security sectors are efficient because it is the only way in which development programs are likely to succeed. Relation between Insecurity and Underdevelopment Several studies have been carried out in the past to evaluate the relationship that exists between insecurity and underdevelopment (Geneva Declaration, 2010, p.21). For instance, armed violence, which either results from crime or war, has an adverse impact on the attainment of millennium development goals in several countries. These goals are even made more difficult to attain in cases where there are higher internal and external risk factors, continuum of conflict and high insecurity levels. From a recent study that was carried out by Howe (2012, p.349) on how unstable or in a fragile states are doing in terms of their progress towards attaining MDGs, it was established that no fragile nation has made any reasonable progress. Insecurity or armed violence, for this matter, adversely affects other contributors towards development like accessibility to education (Geneva Declaration, 2010, p.20). Some of the effects of insecurity or violence on national development are summarized in the table below. While armed violence or insecurity leads to underdevelopment, it has also been established by other researchers that underdevelopment also triggers insecurity. Countries that are characterized by severe economic and social inequalities – also referred to as horizontal inequality – are at high risks or getting into recurrent conflict. Therefore, more security can be attained if wealth or power distribution is done more evenly (Geneva Declaration, 2010, p.22). Typically, it is expected that since insecurity or conflict hampers development, peace will lead to increased development. However, the correlation between conflict and underdevelopment, does not match with that between peace and development (Spear Williams, 2012, p.313). Prevalence of peace does not necessarily translate to high levels of development. In addition to this, Denney (2013) argues that high development levels in a certain nation or geographical region does not directly denote lower violence levels. You read "The extent to which security is a necessary precondition for development" in category "Essay examples" A good example is the sub-national conflicts in Asia, which is arguably the most enduring and widespread conflict in the entire Asian continent. Within the past two decades that spread from 1992 to 2012, the Southeast and South Asian regions have witnessed approximately 26 conflicts (Parks et al., 2013). However, amidst these conflicts, these regions have registere d significant development over the recent past. This evidence clearly indicates that development is not necessarily dependent on peace. Therefore, it be argued that violence or insecurity inhibits the countries’ potentials of attaining their projected development goals within the appropriate timeframe. Effects of National security on FDI Development in many countries partly relies on foreign direct investments. However, for a company to set up operations in a certain country, several factors are considered. Key among these is security (Waziri, 2012, p.93). Nations that assure investors of security of their business assets and workforce are likely to benefit from FDI than those marred with insecurity or civil wars. It is worth noting that foreign direct investments contribute to the development of a country by paying taxes, creating employment for citizens and also encouraging innovation in local businesses as they compete with these multinationals (Waziri, 2012, p.93). While relatively secure nations benefit from increased FDI inflows, insecure nations continue grappling with unemployment and poor economic growth. Insecurity also contributes to an increase in levels of immigration, especially of potentially resourceful individuals, to more secure countries. As a result of this, insecure countries are deprived of huma n intellectual capital while secure nations continue benefitting from an increased influx of the same. One of the nations that are regarded as insecure for FDIs is Somalia (Mihalache?O’keef Li, 2011, p.83). Indeed, it is among the least developed nations in the world, characterized by existence of extremist groups like the Al-Shabaab, unending wars, famine and poverty (Muggah, 2013, p.135). Whereas it is expected that inflow of FDI is more in countries that are secure and corruption free, the levels of insecurity that investors face are dependent on several factors. For instance, government officials in countries where many foreign companies wish to invest are likely to develop corruption traits. On the other hand, countries with minimal inflow of FDI may want to portray a corruption-free image so as to attract investors. Security, Democracy and Development According to Dobbins (2009, p.3), there is a strong link that exists between security, democracy and development. Security is needed to assure a nation of sustainable economic growth and democracy. Even in cases of minimal or no foreign aid, ensuring that there are security measures in place to minimize possibilities of conflict will definitely lead to a reasonable economic growth and political stability (Harms, 2013, p.32). Conversely, even with foreign economic assistance, lack of sufficient security will undermine the development potential that can be attained. For a long time, democracy has been credited for long-term stability and peace in nations and as a consequence, associated economic development, social cohesion and overall prosperity of the nation. Without democracy, security and development may not be sustainable. Diamond and Plattner (2001, p.10) posit that democracy has both intrinsic and instrumental roles in development. Intrinsically, democracy makes people capable o f living a free and autonomous life. Instrumentally, democracy provides a guarantee that the created laws and policies are in sync with the needs and interests of citizens. Therefore, it can be argued that democracy determines people’s quality of life and overall development. This clearly indicates that there are other factors alongside security that contribute towards sustainable development. The best way in which the effects of security on development can be evaluated is by comparing the levels of security across different countries with their levels of development. The most secure countries, as presented by the Human Security Bulletin (2010), include Norway, New Zealand and Denmark. These countries also feature among the most developed nations in the world. This indicates that security is among the factors that contribute towards development. Even though the role played by security in development is evident, it should be noted that development also has several other preconditions apart from security. These include education, food security and democracy (Vitola Senfelde, 2010, p.327). Development also contributes towards ensuring that high levels of security are maintained in a country. Therefore, while security is regarded as being a prerequisite for development, development is also a precondition for security. Conclusion Security is one of the key contributors to national development. As presented in this paper, the wide scope over which security affects a country can make it challenging to wholly implement. Countries that are known to be safe or secure have the highest levels of development, while those that have high occurrences of unrest and insecurity are classified as the least developed. Some of the least developed nations that are also known to have high insecurity include Somalia and Afghanistan. Whereas the main argument presented in this paper is that security is a prerequisite for development, it has been explained that there are other contributing factors like education, which combine with security to facilitate development. Another argument that has been presented in this paper is that the levels of development in a nation also have a direct impact on the levels of security. Developed countries have less insecurity incidents than developed countries. Future research should address strate gies that less secure countries, which are also less developed, can use to increase their levels of security so as to increase their development. References Bandyopadhyay, S. Sandler, T., 2011. The Interplay Between Preemptive and Defensive Counterterrorism Measures: A Two?stage Game. Economica, 78(311), pp.546-64. Colletta, N.J., Lim, T.G. Kelles-Viitanen, A., 2001. Social Cohesion and Conflict Prevention in Asia: Managing Diversity Through Development. New York: World Bank Publications. Denney, L., 2013. Insecurity disrupts development, but peace doesn’t drive it. [Online] Available at: http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/Blogs/Post-2015-shaping-a-global-agenda/Insecurity-disrupts-development-but-peace-doesn-t-drive-it [Accessed 4 January 2014]. Diamond, L. Plattner, ?.F., 2001. The Global Divergence of Democracies. Maryland: JHU Press. Dobbins, J., 2009. The Role of Security in Development. [Online] Available at: http://www.l20.org/publications/18_M7_ODA_Dobbins.pdf [Accessed 4 January 2014]. Geneva Declaration, 2010. More Violence, Less Development: Examining the relationship between armed violence and MDG achievement. [Online] Available at: http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/MDG_Process/MoreViolenceLessDevelopment.pdf [Accessed 4 January 2014]. Grenfell, D. James, P., 2008. Rethinking Insecurity, War and Violence: Beyond Savage GlobalizationOxon: Taylor Francis. Harms, P., 2013. Demographic structure and the security of property rights: The role of development and democracy. European Journal of Political Economy, 5(7), pp.23-37. Howe, B.M., 2012. Governance in teh Interests of the Most Vulnerable. Public Administration and Development, 32(4-5), pp.345-56. Human Security Bulletin, 2010. Top 3 most safe countries in teh World. [Online] Available at: http://www.humansecuritybulletin.info/safe_countries.html [Accessed 4 January 2014]. Mihalache?O’keef, A. Li, Q., 2011. Modernization vs. Dependency Revisited: Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Food Security in Less Developed Countries. International Studies Quarterly, 55(1), pp.71-93. Muggah, R., 2013. Stabilization Operations, Security and Development: States of Fragility. New Jersey: Routledge. Norman, T.L., 2010. Risk Analysis and Security Countermeasure Selection. Florida: CRC Press. Okubo, S. Shelley, L., 2010. The anti-corruption industry: from movement to institution. New Jersey: Taylor Francis. Parks, T., Colletta, N. Oppenheim, B., 2013. The Contested Corners of Asia: Subnational Conflict and International Development Assistance. Washington, DC: The Asia Foundation The Asia Foundation. Spear, J. Williams, P?.D., 2012. Security and Development in Global Politics: A Critical Comparison. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. UNCTAD, 2013. UN List of Least Developed Countries. [Online] Available at: http://unctad.org/en/pages/aldc/Least%20Developed%20Countries/UN-list-of-Least-Developed-Countries.aspx [Accessed 3 January 2014]. UNODC, 2012. Intentional homicide, count and rate per 100,000 population (1995-2011). New York: UNODC United Nations. Vitola, A. Senfelde, M., 2010. The Optimization of National Development Planning System as a Precondition for Competitiveness and Sustainability of National Economy. Economics Management, 15, pp.325-31. Waziri, K.M., 2012. Industrial Property Rights Protection and Entrepreneurship Development in Nigeria: The Economic Implication. Journal of Politics and Law, 5(1), p.93. How to cite The extent to which security is a necessary precondition for development, Essay examples

Reflection on Memoirs of a Student in Manila free essay sample

REFLECTION ON MEMOIRS OF A STUDENT IN MANILA BY P. JACINTO (JOSE RIZAL) This was written by Dr. Jose Rizal when he was around 17 to 20 years old when he was studying in University of Santo Tomas and it narrates his early life, about his family and memories of being away from his family to study in Manila. It said that the first pen name used in his writing was P. Jacinto and other pen names were Laong Laan and Dimas Alang. He has nine sisters and one brother. They have a good life before that’s why they afford to study in a good school and they have a fine way of living. Rizal’s father wanted him to study in the Dominican-owned Colegio San Juan de Letran but changed his mind and decided to send him instead to Ateneo Municipal, formerly the Escuela Pia which was a school for poor boy and was established by the city government and when the Jesuits returned to Manila in 1859, they were given the management of the school. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Memoirs of a Student in Manila or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was said that the system of education given by the Jesuits was more advanced than that of other colleges in that time and it was in Ateneo where he first used the surname â€Å"Rizal† because at that time, his real surname â€Å"Mercado† had come under the suspicion of Spanish authorities. He began at the bottom of the school, but within a month he was Emperor of Rome. The Ateneo had divided the students into two empires, Roman and Carthaginian, to fight for academic supremacy. It was this war that soon brought young Rizal triumph and prizes. At the end of the first quarter he received the grade excellent. In the five years Rizal studied in Ateneo, he showed his intelligence and diligence in his academics and extra-curriculars as Jesuits called him a child excellent in religious sentiments, customs and application, with progress worthy of his signal talent. After graduating with honors from Ateneo, Rizal went to University of Santo Tomas to pursue higher studies. His father and brother wanted him to pursue higher learning but Dona Teodora opposed the idea when she knew of what happended to the three martyr priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora. After finishing first year of a course in Philosophy and Letters, he transferred to the medical course. Rizal was unhappy in his stay with the Reflection on Memoirs of a Student in Manila free essay sample It was said that Rizal’s father wanted him to study in the Dominican-owned Colegio San Juan de Letran but changed his mind and decided to send him instead to Ateneo Municipal, formerly the Escuela Pia which was a school for poor boy and was established by the city government and when the Jesuits returned to Manila in 1859, they were given the management of the school. It was said that the system of education given by the Jesuits was more advanced than that of other colleges in that time and it was in Ateneo where he first used the surname â€Å"Rizal† because at that time, his real surname â€Å"Mercado† had come under the suspicion of Spanish authorities. He began at the bottom of the school, but within a month he was Emperor of Rome. The Ateneo had divided the students into two empires, Roman and Carthaginian, to fight for academic supremacy. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Memoirs of a Student in Manila or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was this war that soon brought young Rizal triumph and prizes. At the end of the first quarter he received the grade excellent. In the five years Rizal studied in Ateneo, he showed his intelligence and diligence in his academics and extra-curriculars as Jesuits called him a child excellent in religious sentiments, customs and application, with progress worthy of his signal talent. After graduating with honors from Ateneo, Rizal went to University of Santo Tomas to pursue higher studies. His father and brother wanted him to pursue higher learning but Dona Teodora opposed the idea when she knew of what happended to the three martyr priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora. After finishing first year of a course in Philosophy and Letters, he transferred to the medical course. Rizal was unhappy in his stay with the university because his Dominican professors were hostile to him, Filipino students were racially discriminated against by the Spaniads and the method of instruction was obsolete and repressive unlike in Ateneo. Rizal failed to win high scholastic honors although in his first year his grades were all excellent